Table 1.
Hepatitis E seroprevalence in general populations and risk groups in European countries.
| Country | Population | Seroprevalence (%) | Assay | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sweden | BD | 9.3 | Abbott HEV EIA | [79] |
| SW | 13.0 | |||
| Finland | PT | 11.3 | Genelabs | [80] |
| England | BD | 16–25 | Genelabs | [81] |
| Scotland | BD | 4.7 | Wantai | [82] |
| Denmark | BD | 20.6 | In house assay | [83] |
| P | 16.9 | In house assay | [84] | |
| D | 4.1 | Abbott HEV EIA | [84] | |
| SW | 50.4 | In house assay | [83] | |
| Belgium | PT | 14.0 | Biorex diagnostics | [85] |
| Russia | CH | 18.2 | In house assay | [86] |
| Germany | AD | 16.8 | Mikrogen | [87] |
| BD | 6.8 | Mikrogen | [88] | |
| BD | 11.0 | Mikrogen | [89] | |
| FW | 18.0 | Mikrogen | [89] | |
| Poland | PT | 15.9 | Adaltis | [76] |
| Moldova | SW | 51.1 | In house assay | [90] |
| Czech Republic | AH | 5.0 | Not done | [91] |
| AH | 27.8 | Abbott HEV EIA | [92] | |
| The Netherlands | BD | 26.7 | Wantai | [94] |
| PV | 11.0 | Abbott HEV EIA | [93] | |
| NPV | 6.0 | Abbott HEV EIA | [93] | |
| France | BD | 52.0 | Wantai | [77] |
| BD | 16.6 | Genelabs | [95] | |
| BD | 3.2 | Genelabs | [98] | |
| AH | 10.7 | Abbott HEV EIA | [96] | |
| FW | 31.2 | MP Biomedicals | [97] | |
| Austria | C-S | 14.3 | Wantai | [99] |
| Switzerland | BD | 4.9 | Genelabs | [100] |
| Romania | ST | 12.5 | Mikrogen | [101] |
| HW | 14.0 | Mikrogen | [101] | |
| Hungary | AH | 9.6 | HEV Ab, Dia.Pro | [102] |
| Spain | BD | 1.08 | HEV Ab, Dia.Pro | [75] |
| BD | 3.9 | Abbott HEV EIA | [103] | |
| I | 5.5 | Abbott HEV EIA | [103] | |
| PT | 11.4 | Mikrogen | [104] | |
| Portugal | BD | 4 | Abbott HEV EIA | [105] |
| Italy | I | 3.9 | HEV Ab Dia.Pro | [108] |
| BD | 1.3 | HEV Ab Dia.Pro | [108] | |
| D | 0.7 | Abbott HEV EIA | [109] | |
| AH | 10.1 | Abbott HEV EIA | [40] | |
| AH | 20.6 | Genelabs | [107] | |
| AH | 6.0 | HEV Ab Dia.Pro | [110] | |
| AD | 5.38 | HEV Ab Dia.Pro | [111] | |
| Serbia | BD | 15.0 | In house assay | [112] |
| Albania | CLD | 36.6 | Abbott HEV EIA | [113] |
| Greece | R | 4.85 | Abbott HEV EIA | [114] |
| CVHB | 5.3 | |||
| Turkey | PW | 12.6 | Virotech | [115] |
| PW | 7.0 | Globe Diagnostics | [116] | |
| CH | 2.1 | HEV Ab Dia.Pro | [117] | |
| CH | 8.5 | Not done | [118] | |
| AW | 34.8 | Biyoser S.r.l. | [119] |
General populations: BD, blood donors; P, prisoners; CH, children; AD, adult population; ST, students; HW, health workers; C-S, civilians and soldiers; I, Italians; R, refugees; PW, pregnant women; Risk groups (in italics): SW, swine workers; D, drug users; FW, forestry workers; PT, patients; AH, acute hepatitis; PV, pig veterinarians; NPV, non-pig veterinarians; CVHB, patients with chronic viral hepatitis B; CLD, chronic liver disease; AW, agricultural workers.