Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics by Depressive Symptoms among REGARDS Participants Without Coronary Heart Disease at Baseline (N=24,261)a
| CES-D < 4 (n =21,731) | CES-D ≥ 4 (n =2,530) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics: | n (%) | n (%) | |
| Age, years, M±SD | 64.3±9.3 | 62.5±9.7 | <.001 |
| Female | 12,330(56.7) | 1,848(73.0) | <.001 |
| Black | 8,923(41.0) | 1,342(53.0) | <.001 |
| Marital status | <.001 | ||
| Married | 13,185(60.7) | 988(39.1) | |
| Single | 1,151(5.3) | 204(8.1) | |
| Divorced | 3,189(14.7) | 524(20.7) | |
| Widowed | 3,754(17.3) | 705(27.9) | |
| Other | 452(2.1) | 109(4.3) | |
| Region of residence | <.001 | ||
| Non-belt | 9,789(45.1) | 984(38.9) | |
| Belt | 7,439(34.2) | 958(37.9) | |
| Buckle | 4,503(20.7) | 588(23.2) | |
| Socioeconomic status: | |||
| Education < HS | 2,245(10.3) | 570(22.6) | <.001 |
| Income < $35 ,000/yr | 8,415(44.1) | 1,507(69.7) | <.001 |
| Residence in a census tract with poverty level of 30% or more, |
2,793(14.2) | 484(21.4) | <.001 |
| Physiological Variables: | |||
| BMI (kg/m2): | <.001 | ||
| < 25 | 5,516(25.6) | 550(21.9) | |
| 25-29 | 8,020(37.2) | 815(32.5) | |
| ≥ 30 | 8,048(37.3) | 1,143(45.6) | |
| SBP (categories): | 0.003 | ||
| <120 mmHg | 6,869(31.7) | 779(30.9) | |
| 120-139 mmHg | 10,553(48.7) | 1,178(46.7) | |
| ≥140 mmHg | 4,251(19.6) | 567(22.5) | |
| Total cholesterol (categories): | 0.03 | ||
| <200 mg/dL | 12,013(57.6) | 1,318(54.9) | |
| 200-239 mg/dL | 6,322(30.3) | 767(32.0) | |
| ≥240 mg/dL | 2,510(12.0) | 316(13.2) | |
| Physiological Variables: | n (%) | n (%) | |
| HDL-cholesterol (<40 mg/dL in men or <50 mg/dL in women) |
7,114(34.3) | 899(37.7) | 0.001 |
| Urine Albumin to Creatinine Ratio, median [25th, 75th percentile], log-transformed |
1.95[1.50-2.66] | 2.03[1.57-2.84] | <.001 |
| Triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) | 5,565(26.7) | 721(30.1) | 0.0005 |
| Highly sensitive C-reactive protein (≥3 mg/dL) |
8,003(39.3) | 1,165(49.5) | <.001 |
| Diabetes | 3,908(18.7) | 650(26.7) | <.001 |
| Current Medication use | |||
| Statins | 6,043(28.1) | 760(30.4) | 0.02 |
| Anti-hypertensives | 10,330(48.0) | 1,372(54.9) | <.001 |
| Health Behaviors: | |||
| Current smoker | 2,832(13.1) | 602(23.9) | <.001 |
| Exercise (any) | 14,525(67.9) | 1,369(54.9) | <.001 |
| Current Alcohol Use | 11,600(53.4) | 1,168(46.2) | <.001 |
Abbreviations: REGARDS - Reasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study, CES-D - Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression, CHD - coronary heart disease, HS - high school, BMI - body mass index, SBP - systolic blood pressure, DBP - diastolic blood pressure HDL - high-density lipoprotein.
a
Baseline CHD is defined as history of self-reported myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass graft, angioplasty, stenting, or evidence of MI via electrocardiograph. Participants missing follow-up (n=513) or baseline CES-D (n=182) are excluded.