Table 3.

Characteristics of patients with bipolar disorder with differing levels of adherence as defined by the TRQ^a

Variables	Most adherentb	Middle adherentc	Least adherentd	Statistics	p-value
Age, years, mean ± SD	45.92 ± 10.41	47.74 ± 8.92	45.44 ± 9.39	F2,102 = 0.63	0.53
Gender, n (%)				χ2 = 2.17, df = 2	0.34
Male	9 (8.57)	10 (9.52)	9 (8.57)
Female	34 (32.38)	28 (26.67)	15 (14.29)
Ethnicity, n (%)e
African American	29 (27.62)	26 (24.76)	16 (15.24)
Caucasian	10 (9.52)	8 (7.62)	4 (3.81)
Asian	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)
Mixed/Other	3 (2.86)	4 (3.81)	5 (4.76)
Hispanic	1 (0.95)	1 (0.95)	1 (0.95)
Education, years, mean ± SD	11.92 ± 1.89	13.15 ± 2.49	11.67 ± 2.07	F2,100 = 4.83	0.01
BD diagnostic type, n (%)f
BD-I	34 (32.38)	25 (23.81)	14 (13.33)	χ2 = 3.36, df = 2	0.19
BD-II	6 (5.71)	10 (9.52)	6 (5.71)	χ2 = 2.32, df = 2	0.31
Age of BD onset, years, mean ± SD	22.33 ± 10.70	22.69 ± 11.34	19.58 ± 9.04	F2,100 = 1.05	0.35
No. of previous hospitalizations, mean ± SD
Psychiatric	5.29 ± 10.03	4.08 ± 5.21	5.45 ± 8.94	F2,100 = 0.31	0.73
Substance abuse	1.71 ± 2.39	1.68 ± 3.37	1.88 ± 3.60	F2,101 = 0.05	0.09
MEMS baseline, mean ± SD	45.86 ± 30.70	66.41 ± 32.92	78.97 ± 20.43	F2,78 = 7.93	0.001
BPRS baseline, mean ± SD	33.30 ± 12.79	38.73 ± 8.20	38.73 ± 10.95	F2,97 = 2.36	0.10
MADRS baseline, mean ± SD	13.63 ± 83.80	19.29 ± 9.13	19.63 ± 8.27	F2,102 = 4.27	0.02
YMRS baseline, mean ± SD	7.74 ± 6.57	6.77 ± 3.74	8.13 ± 5.12	F2,95 = 0.69	0.50
ASI alcoholg, mean ± SD	1.46 ± 2.62	1.39 ± 2.38	1.71 ± 2.35	F2,63 = 1.75	0.18
ASI drugsh, mean ± SD	1.13 ± 1.45	1.63 ± 2.41	2.55 ± 2.69	F2,63 = 2.98	0.06
Charlson Indexi, mean ± SD	0 ± 0	0.71 ± 1.41	0.12 ± 0.54	F2,102 = 5.92	0.004
DAIj, mean ± SD	6.83 ± 1.27	6.63 ± 1.67	6.57 ± 1.88	F2,101 = 0.19	0.83

TRQ = Tablets Routine Questionnaire; SD = standard deviation; BD = bipolar disorder; BD-I = bipolar I disorder; BD-II = bipolar II disorder; MEMS = Medication Event Monitoring System; BPRS = Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; MADRS = Montgomery–Åsberg Rating Scale; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale; ASI alcohol = Addiction Severity Index item D32; ASI drugs = Addiction Severity Index item D33; Charlson Index = self-reported medical comorbidity; DAI = Drug Attitudes Inventory.

^aHigher scores indicate worse adherence.

^b≤ 20% non-adherent.

^c21–50% non-adherent.

^d≥ 51% non-adherent.

^eCell samples too small to calculate chi-square statistic.

^fn = out of 95 samples.

^gNeed for treatment of alcohol abuse (higher scores indicate more need for treatment).

^hNeed for treatment of drug abuse (higher scores indicate more need for treatment).

ⁱHigher scores indicate more medical comorbidity.

^jHigher scores indicate better attitudes towards medication.