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. 2015 Nov 4;10(11):e0141802. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141802

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© 2015 Rath et al

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Fig 4 — a) Immunofluorescence staining of α-SMA protein on both surface layers (~90μm thickness on each side), middle core (interstitial tissue) regions (~400 μm thickness) of the valve; 1^st row: Static Controls; 2^nd row: Flex; 3^rd row: Flow; 4^th row: Flex-Flow conditioning; 5^th row: porcine heart valve as Positive control. Among the experimental groups, α-SMA-expressing cells were found to be predominant within the interstitial region (middle layer) of the engineered tissues in solely the Flex-Flow group; b) Quantification of positive staining (green; from images in part a) for α-SMA signal-intensity in four experimental groups; Samples exposed to flex-flow expressed a significantly higher level of positive α-SMA (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group. PHV was treated as the positive control.