Table 3.

Performance on working memory and episodic memory tasks at pre-training and post-training assessment.

Measure	Control		Experimental
Measure	Pre-training	Post-training	Pre-training	Post-training
Digit span length
Forward span	6.14 (1.18)	6.36 (1.22)	6.04 (1.11)	6.25 (1.18)
Backward span^b,c	4.04 (1.04)	4.07 (1.09)	3.82 (0.98)	4.68 (1.34)
Operation span
Proportion correct^b	0.67 (0.15)	0.72 (0.12)	0.70 (0.13)	0.72 (0.13)
N-back (2-back)
Hit rate	0.62 (0.21)	0.63 (0.18)	0.68 (0.19)	0.68 (0.22)
False alarm rate	0.21 (0.13)	0.19 (0.14)	0.17 (0.12)	0.16 (0.13)
d′ (sensitivity)	1.33 (0.93)	1.36 (0.73)	1.61 (0.92)	1.69 (1.04)
C (response bias)	0.26 (0.43)	0.33 (0.38)	0.23 (0.32)	0.27 (0.37)
Visuo-spatial working memory^c
Proportion correct (3 items)	0.81 (0.14)	0.79 (0.16)	0.78 (0.22)	0.87 (0.12)
Proportion correct (5 items)	0.25 (0.22)	0.34 (0.26)	0.30 (0.27)	0.48 (0.29)
Proportion correct (7 items)	0.03 (0.07)	0.06 (0.10)	0.05 (0.12)	0.11 (0.17)
Free recall
Mean # correct responses^a	4.46 (3.24)	5.21 (3.51)	6.93 (4.61)	6.96 (5.12)
Recognition memory
Hit rate	0.75 (0.12)	0.75 (0.13)	0.76 (0.14)	0.79 (0.13)
False alarm rate^b	0.24 (0.14)	0.32 (0.21)	0.19 (0.14)	0.29 (0.19)
d′ (sensitivity)^b	1.50 (0.47)	1.35 (0.70)	1.75 (0.53)	1.54 (0.66)
C (response bias)^b	0.02 (0.35)	−0.08 (0.47)	0.11 (0.44)	−0.09 (0.45)
Metamemory
Gamma	0.31 (0.29)	0.15 (0.39)	0.35 (0.25)	0.32 (0.34)

Note: Values represent Mean (Standard Deviation). Superscript letters indicate significant main effect of group (a), main effect of session (b), or group × session interaction (c). Free recall and recognition memory data were missing from one of 28 participants in the experimental group. Metamemory data were missing from three of 28 participants in the control group and six of 28 participants in the experimental group.