Table 4.
Performance on measures of psychomotor speed, attention, reasoning, response inhibition, and self-control at pre-training and post-training assessment.
| Measure | Control
|
Experimental
|
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre-training | Post-training | Pre-training | Post-training | |
| Trail making test | ||||
| Trails A time (s)b | 44.43 (19.21) | 38.64 (13.23) | 38.96 (14.23) | 35.61 (12.11) |
| Trails B time (s) | 124.25 (69.56) | 113.46 (59.83) | 108.36 (59.42) | 107.46 (62.51) |
| Trails B-A time (s) | 79.82 (66.74) | 74.82 (54.48) | 69.39 (56.30) | 71.86 (58.92) |
| Trails B # errors | 0.75 (1.27) | 1.14 (1.43) | 0.71 (1.36) | 0.43 (0.92) |
| Digit symbol substitution test | ||||
| Number attemptedb | 18.25 (8.70) | 20.75 (8.82) | 21.52 (9.66) | 21.59 (10.42) |
| Proportion correct | 0.89 (0.21) | 0.94 (0.09) | 0.91 (0.13) | 0.92 (0.15) |
| Raven’s matrices | ||||
| Proportion correct (all sets)b | 0.62 (0.15) | 0.60 (0.16) | 0.68 (0.14) | 0.63 (0.15) |
| Continuous performance task | ||||
| Mean RT (s) | 0.45 (0.11) | 0.45 (0.09) | 0.44 (0.08) | 0.43 (0.07) |
| Standard error (s)b | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.00) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| Hit rateb | 0.98 (0.03) | 0.97 (0.04) | 0.98 (0.03) | 0.96 (0.06) |
| False alarm rate | 0.22 (0.16) | 0.23 (0.17) | 0.22 (0.16) | 0.25 (0.16) |
| d′ (sensitivity)b | 3.09 (0.82) | 3.02 (1.05) | 3.22 (0.93) | 2.83 (1.11) |
| C (response bias) | −0.69 (0.30) | −0.65 (0.28) | −0.73 (0.27) | −0.64 (0.30) |
| Delay discounting | ||||
| Hypothetical AUC | 0.22 (0.25) | 0.21 (0.25) | 0.29 (0.32) | 0.27 (0.30) |
| QDOT AUC | 0.60 (0.26) | 0.66 (0.29) | 0.63 (0.28) | 0.74 (0.28) |
| Iowa gambling task | ||||
| Net difference | 3.07 (28.16) | 3.86 (27.66) | −0.23 (14.58) | 1.46 (22.02) |
| Deck C-A | 5.14 (14.52) | 6.68 (15.13) | 1.31 (9.85) | 4.38 (12.43) |
| Deck D-B | −2.07 (15.96) | −2.82 (16.71) | −1.54 (10.75) | −2.92 (13.89) |
Note: Values represent Mean (Standard Deviation). Superscript letters indicate significant main effect of group (a), main effect of session (b), or group × session interaction (c). Delay discounting data for the QDOT and Digit Symbol Substitution Task data were missing from one of the 28 participants in the experimental group. Iowa Gambling Task data were missing from two of 28 participants in the experimental group.