Table 2.

Important epigenetic events in inflammation

	Type of modification	Function	Ref
DNA Methylation	Promoter hypomethylation	Increase in TLR2 gene expression and increased pro-inflammatory response.	(131)
	Histone deacetylation + DNA methylation	Increase in TLR4 gene maintenance of homeostasis in the intestinal immune commensal system	(132)
	DNA demethylates	Important role in the establishment of the epigenetic landscape across the TNFα locus	(133)
	DNA methylation	Decrease expression of Runx3 in gastric epithelial cells	(134)
	DNA methylation	PcG proteins (as MBPs) bind to the regulatory regions of tar- get genes and recruit DNMTs for more efficient repression in chronic inflammations	(135)
	Demethylation of H3K27me3	Jmjd3 as a HDMs protein is induced in macrophages and inflammatory cytokines, where it binds the PcG target genes and regulates their H3K27me3 levels and transcriptional activity	(136)
Histone modifications	Demethylation of H3K27me3	Activation of STAT6 by removal of H3K27 methylation marks by Jmjd3 triggers expression of specific inflammatory genes	(137)
	trimethylation H3K9me3	H3K9me3 recruitment of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), that HP1 and G9a form a repressive complex at the promoters of RelB-dependent genes and silenced the severe systemic inflammation (SSI)	(138)
	Acetylation of pro-inflammatory cytokines	Promoter’s acetylations of several pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-2, IL-8, and IL-12) are rapidly acetylated by CBP/p300, leading to transcriptional activation and display reduced HDAC activity in chronic inflammation	(139)
	Acetylates histone H3 at Lys9	IKK-α (response to cytokine treatment) binds to the NF-κB-dependent promoters with the assistance of the polymerase II complex and CBP, where it acetylates histone H3 at Lys9	(140)
	phosphorylates histone H3 at Ser10	IKK-α binds to the NF-κB-dependent promoters with the assistance of the polymerase II complex and CBP, where it phosphorylates histone H3 at Ser10	(70)
MicroRNAs modification	miR-146a	miR-146a limits Toll-like receptor signaling by blocking the signaling molecule TRAF6	(141)
	miR-155	miR-155 targets the lipid phosphatase SHIP1; an important signal for macrophage activation	(142)
	miR-147	TLR stimulation induces miR-147 and requires activation of both NF-κB and IRF3	(143)
	miR-105	miR-105 was shown to modulate TLR-2 translation in human gingival keratinocytes	(72)
	miR-29	miR-29 can reverse aberrant methylation in lung cancer by targeting DNMT3a and DNMT3b	(144)
	miR-29	miR-29 promotes osteogenesis by targeting HDAC4	(145)
	miR-2861	miR-2861 controls osteoblast differentiation by repressing HDAC5	(139)
	miR-140	The cartilage- specific miR-140 regulates HDAC	(146)