Table 4.

Roles of miRNAs in lung fibroblasts.

S. NO	miRNA	Cell type	Species	Regulation on notable target genes and validation method	Putative role	Reference
1	miR-21	MRC-5	Human	↓ Smad 7 (Western blot)	Promotes fibroblast transdifferentiation	Liu et al., 2010b
2	miR-29	IMR-90	Human	↓ ECM genes (Col5A1, Col5A2, FBN1, LOXL2, FSTL1, PDGFC and SERPINH1), BM related genes (SPARC and Col4A1), Intergrins (ITGA5 and ITGAV), Genes involved in proteolysis and ECM remodeling (ADAM12, ADAM19 and BMP1) and IL-1 pathway (IL1RAP) (mRNA array analysis)	Negative regulators of fibrotic phenotype	Cushing et al., 2011
3	miR-200b, 200c	Primary normal and IPF lung fibroblast	Human and mouse	No specific target defined	Attenuates fibroblast transdifferentiation	Yang et al., 2012
4	miR-154	Primary normal and IPF lung fibroblast	Human	WNT/β-catenin pathway (↑ FZD5, CTNNB1,FZD4,FZD6,KREMEN1, LRP5, WISP1 and β-catenin) (qRT-PCR and western blot)	Promotes proliferation and migration	Milosevic et al., 2012
5	miR-199a-5p	MRC-5	Human	↓ Caveolin-1 (qRT-PCR and western blot)	Pathogenic activation of fibroblast	Lino Cardenas et al., 2013
6	miR-17 ∼ 19 cluster	IPF fibroblast	Human	↓DNMT-1 (Methyl-Profiler DNA Methylation qPCR Primer Assays)	Reverse fibrotic phenotype	Dakhlallah et al., 2013
7	miR-145	MRC-5 and lung fibroblast	Human and mouse	↓ KLF4 (Western blot)	Promotes fibroblast transdifferentiation	Yang et al., 2013a
8	miR-29	IMR90	Human	↓ PI3K-Akt pathway (Western blot)	Reverse fibrotic phenotype	Yang et al., 2013b
9	miR-326	NIH/3T3	Mouse	↓ TGF-β1, SMAD3 and Ets; ↑ (SMAD 7) (ELISA and western blot)	Attenuates fibroblast proliferation and fiobrotic related genes	Das et al., 2014
10	miR-92a	Primary Lung fibroblast	Human	↓ WISP1 (qRT-PCR and ELISA)	Suppresses pro-fibrotic mediator	Berschneider et al., 2014
11	miR-96	Normal and IPF fibroblast	Human	↓ Fox03 (qRT-PCR and western blot)	Promotes proliferation and maintains fibrotic phenotype	Nho et al., 2014
12	miR-26a	MRC-5	Human	↓ pSmad3 and CTGF (Western blot and luciferase assay)	Attenuates fibroblast transdifferentiation	Liang et al., 2014b
13	miR-29b	Primary IPF lung fibroblast	Human	No specific target defined	Reverse fibrotic phenotype	Montgomery et al., 2014
14	miR-210	IPF fibroblast	Human	↓ MNT (Western blot)	Promotes proliferation	Bodempudi et al., 2014
15	miR-26a	Primary fetal lung fibroblast	Human	↓ Cyclin D2, TGF-βR1 and TGF-β2 (qRT-PCR and western blot)	Suppresses proliferation	Li et al., 2014
16	Let-7d	Primary fetal lung fibroblast	Human	↓ HMGA2, SLUG, ID1 and ID2 (Micro array and qRT-PCR)	Reverse fibrotic phenotype	Huleihel et al., 2014