Table 1.
B cell chemokines in multiple sclerosis.
| Chemokine | Levels in MS | Chemokine receptor | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| CCL2 | Expressed by astrocytes and macrophages in acutely demyelinating lesions and active chronic lesions, at lesion edge, and in reactive astrocytes surrounding lesions | CCR2, CCR3 | (19–22) |
| Decreased in CSF | |||
| CCL3 | Unchanged in CSF | CCR1, CCR5 | (19) |
| CCL20 | Undetectable in CSF | CCR6 | (23) |
| Decreased in serum during relapse | |||
| CXCL10 | Increased in CSF | CXCR3 | (19, 24) |
| Upregulated in MS lesions | |||
| CXCL12 | Upregulated in chronic active and inactive MS lesions on astrocytes and blood vessels | CXCR4, CXCR7 | (14) |
| CXCL13 | Increased in actively demyelinating MS lesions, secreted by macrophages in the perivascular cuffs. Not present in chronic inactive lesions. Shown to be the most important determinant for B cell recruitment into the CNS. | CXCR5 | (14, 16, 25) |
| Increased in CSF during relapse and remission | |||
| CX3CL1 | Increased in CSF | CX3CR1 | (26, 27) |