Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the enrolled participants (n=757).
| Concordance (n=468) | Discordance (n=289) | Total (n=757) | Pvalue | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Agea | 72.1±9.3 | 72.3±9.5 | 72.2±9.4 | 0.541 |
| <60 | 40 (8.5%) | 28 (9.7%) | 68 (9.0%) | |
| 60–69 | 138 (29.5%) | 78 (27.0%) | 216 (28.5%) | |
| 70–79 | 184 (39.3%) | 106 (36.7%) | 290 (38.3%) | |
| ⩾80 | 106 (22.6%) | 77 (26.6%) | 183 (24.2%) | |
| Genderb | 1.000 | |||
| Male | 450 (96.2%) | 278 (96.2%) | 728 (96.2%) | |
| Female | 18 (3.8%) | 11 (3.8%) | 29 (3.8%) | |
| Smokingb | 0.532 | |||
| Never | 37 (7.9%) | 23 (8.0%) | 60 (7.9%) | |
| Ex-smoker | 267 (57.1%) | 176 (60.9%) | 443 (58.5%) | |
| Current smoker | 164 (35.0%) | 90 (31.1%) | 254 (33.6%) | |
| BMIa | 23.1±3.7 | 23.4±3.8 | 23.3±3.7 | 0.308 |
| Wheezingb | 0.180 | |||
| Presence | 219 (46.8%) | 120 (41.5%) | 339 (44.8%) | |
| Absence | 249 (53.2%) | 169 (58.5%) | 418 (55.2%) | |
|
Spirometry (post-bronchodilator test) | ||||
| FEV1/FVC (%)a | 54.2±10.2 | 56.1±8.9 | 54.9±9.7 | 0.009* |
| FEV1 (L)a | 1.3±0.5 | 1.3±0.5 | 1.3±0.5 | 0.898 |
| FVC (L)a | 2.4±0.8 | 2.3±0.6 | 2.3±0.7 | 0.259 |
| FEV1% predicteda | 54.0±22.1 | 56.9±20.7 | 55.1±21.6 | 0.072 |
| Bronchodilator testsb | 0.662 | |||
| Positive | 146 (31.2%) | 85 (29.4%) | 231 (30.5%) | |
| Negative | 322 (68.2%) | 204 (70.6%) | 526 (69.5%) | |
| GOLD spirometric classification | 0.064 | |||
| I | 61 (13.0%) | 27 (9.3%) | 88 (11.6%) | |
| II | 180 (38.5%) | 134 (46.4%) | 314 (41.5%) | |
| III | 180 (38.5%) | 109 (37.7%) | 289 (38.2%) | |
| IV | 47 (10%) | 19 (6.6%) | 66 (8.7%) | |
| CAT scoresa | 12.2±7.8 | 7.9±5.1 | 10.6±7.2 | 0.000* |
| <10 | 200 (42.7%) | 200 (69.2%) | 400 (52.8%) | |
| ⩾10 | 268 (57.3%) | 89 (30.8%) | 357 (47.2%) | |
| mMRCa | 1.9±1.1 | 1.9±0.8 | 1.9±1.0 | 0.512 |
| 0–1 | 201 (42.9%) | 79 (27.3%) | 280 (37.0%) | |
| 2–4 | 267 (57.1%) | 210 (72.7%) | 477 (63.0%) | |
| Exacerbation numbers in the previous yeara | 0.6±1.1 | 0.6±1.2 | 0.6±1.1 | 0.799 |
| 0–1 | 403 (86.1%) | 251 (86.9%) | 654 (86.4%) | |
| ⩾2 | 65 (13.9%) | 38 (13.1%) | 103 (13.6%) | |
| Inhaled pharmacological therapy | 0.129 | |||
| None | 36 (7.7%) | 32 (11.1%) | 68 (9.0%) | |
| LAMA alone | 121 (25.9%) | 80 (27.7%) | 201 (26.6%) | |
| LABA alone | 24 (5.1%) | 10 (3.5%) | 34 (4.5%) | |
| LABA+LAMA | 31 (6.6%) | 18 (6.2%) | 49 (6.5%) | |
| LAMA+ICS | 9 (1.9%) | 7 (2.4%) | 16 (2.1%) | |
| ICS/LABA | 103 (22.0%) | 77 (26.6%) | 180 (23.8%) | |
| ICS/LABA+LAMA | 144 (30.8%) | 65 (22.5%) | 209 (27.6%) | |
| Usage of methylxanthines | 351 (75.0%) | 212 (73.4%) | 563 (74.4%) | 0.676 |
|
Co-morbidities | ||||
| Cardiovascular diseaseb,c | 115 (24.6%) | 76 (26.3%) | 191 (25.2%) | 0.606 |
| Chronic lung diseaseb,d | 42 (9.0%) | 23 (8.0%) | 65 (8.6%) | 0.690 |
| Lung cancerb | 9 (1.9%) | 5 (1.7%) | 14 (1.8%) | 1.000 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CAT, COPD assessment test; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC, forced vital capacity; GOLD, Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease; ICS, inhaled corticosteroid; LABA, long-acting β2-agonist; LAMA, long-acting muscarinic antagonist; mMRC, modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale.
a
By independent t-test.
b
By chi-square test.
c
Cardiovascular disease included ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation and hypertension.
d
Chronic lung disease included previous pulmonary tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and pneumoconiosis.
*P<0.05.