Table 1.
Distributions of patient-level and state-level factors across states
| Factor | Distribution across 50 States and the District of Columbia | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Median | 10th Percentile | 90th Percentile | |
| Patient-level factors across states | |||
| Number of patients in a state | 4621 | 690 | 16,260 |
| Male patients | 57.1 | 53.4 | 59.4 |
| Black patients | 18.8 | 1.9 | 56.1 |
| Mean age at ESRD onset (yr) | 63.8 | 61.3 | 66.4 |
| Employment at 6 mo before ESRD | 85.3 | 78.4 | 92.1 |
| Current tobacco smokers | 7.6 | 5.1 | 10.3 |
| Hypertension | 84.6 | 82.0 | 88.0 |
| Diabetes | 52.3 | 47.9 | 56.7 |
| Congestive heart failure | 33.7 | 26.5 | 40.2 |
| Atherosclerotic heart disease | 25.7 | 15.1 | 31.9 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 10.2 | 7.6 | 11.7 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 15.6 | 10.5 | 20.8 |
| Cancer | 8.5 | 6.2 | 11.5 |
| Health insurance coverage | |||
| No insurance | 7.2 | 2.7 | 10.7 |
| Single insurance | |||
| Medicaid | 9.0 | 5.7 | 12.0 |
| Medicare | 14.9 | 9.9 | 19.4 |
| Employer-group | 16.0 | 12.7 | 19.2 |
| Other | 9.1 | 5.7 | 16.1 |
| Two types of insurance | |||
| Medicare and Medicaid | 10.3 | 6.6 | 14.4 |
| Medicare and one other non-Medicaid | 30.2 | 20.6 | 39.9 |
| Two other types | 1.5 | 1.0 | 2.6 |
| Three or more types of insurance | 0.8 | 0.6 | 1.5 |
| State-level factors across states | |||
| General healthcare access | |||
| Uninsured persons aged 18–64 yr | 17.6 | 13.3 | 23.8 |
| State Medicaid program performance (higher scores mean greater access) | |||
| Eligibility score | 183.0 | 108.5 | 254.5 |
| Services score | 118.2 | 82.9 | 145.1 |
| Quality of care score | 56.4 | 18.8 | 105.1 |
| Reimbursement scorea | 115.3 | 68.8 | 160.1 |
| Preventive care | |||
| Aged >50 yr receiving recommended screening and preventive care | 42.4 | 37.3 | 49.9 |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| Aged >25 yr who did not complete high school | 17.9 | 12.8 | 24.7 |
| Persons in poverty | 12.3 | 9.9 | 17.5 |
| Black residents | 6.8 | 0.6 | 27.9 |
| Minority residents | 18.4 | 7.6 | 36.0 |
| Healthcare resources | |||
| Primary care physicians (per 10,000 population) | 9.8 | 8.3 | 11.9 |
| Nephrologists (per million population) | 26.6 | 14.4 | 34.6 |
| Geographical properties | |||
| Population density (natural log of persons per square mile) | 4.5 | 2.8 | 6.3 |
| Urban population | 71.7 | 52.4 | 91.4 |
| Farmland use | 33.2 | 9.1 | 77.5 |
Data are given in percentages unless otherwise indicated.
a
Reimbursement score in Tennessee was not available and was imputed using the mean score of all other states.