Table 1.
List of forbidden phenotypes among living multicellular organisms.
| animal-assisted gamete fertilization in aquatic environments |
| animal-assisted propagule dispersal of species with free-living life stages in marine environments |
| biomineralization in fungi, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Hemichordata and Bryophyta |
| rigid reef-like structures in freshwater |
| bioerosion in freshwater |
| conchicoly (living in and moving about in shells after the death of the original builder) in freshwater |
| endothermy in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Crustacea, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Lophotrochozoa, Hemichordata, Tunicata, Echinodermata, small marine mammals, fungi, non-angiosperm plants, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta |
| non-methanogenic Archaea in parasitic or mutualistic partnerships with eukaryotes |
| photosymbiosis in Ctenophora, Bryozoa, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, fishes and flying animals |
| chemosymbiosis in Cnidaria, colonial animals, Porifera, Cephalopoda, Echinodermata, Tunicata, Chordata, terrestrial animals and planktonic animals |
| aerial phytoplankton |
| capture of living animals by plants and algae other than angiosperms |
| specialized scavenging in mammals |
| annual herbaceous growth in land plants outside angiosperms |
| woody stems in bryophytes |
| basal leaf (or blade) growth in plants and algae outside angiosperms and laminarialean algae |
| roots for sedimentary uptake of nutrients in algae outside siphonalean and charophyte green algae |
| herbivory in Ctenophora, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Araneae, Myriapoda, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Chondrichthyes, adult Amphibia and Serpentes |
| algal diet in marine turtles and marine birds |
| piercing-and-sucking herbivory on freshwater vascular plants by insects |
| gelatinous freshwater plankton |
| envenomation in Porifera, Ctenophora, Crustacea, Hemichordata, Tunicata, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, water-dwelling plants, algae and fungi |
| gastropod opercula that bite |
| communication by sound in basal Metazoa, Lophotrochozoa and Echinodermata |
| communication by electrical signals in basal Metazoa, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Echinodermata |
| social organization in shell-bearing Mollusca, Echinodermata |
| eusociality in Lophotrochozoa, Echinodermata and Chordata outside Mammalia |
| combinatorial communication among animals other than humans |
| clonal reproduction in Mollusca, Brachiopoda, vertebrates and Arthropoda |
| live-bearing in turtles and birds |