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. 2015 Dec 6;5(6):20150028. doi: 10.1098/rsfs.2015.0028

Table 1.

List of forbidden phenotypes among living multicellular organisms.

animal-assisted gamete fertilization in aquatic environments
animal-assisted propagule dispersal of species with free-living life stages in marine environments
biomineralization in fungi, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Hexapoda, Hemichordata and Bryophyta
rigid reef-like structures in freshwater
bioerosion in freshwater
conchicoly (living in and moving about in shells after the death of the original builder) in freshwater
endothermy in Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Porifera, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Crustacea, Chelicerata, Myriapoda, Lophotrochozoa, Hemichordata, Tunicata, Echinodermata, small marine mammals, fungi, non-angiosperm plants, Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta
non-methanogenic Archaea in parasitic or mutualistic partnerships with eukaryotes
photosymbiosis in Ctenophora, Bryozoa, Cirripedia, Echinodermata, fishes and flying animals
chemosymbiosis in Cnidaria, colonial animals, Porifera, Cephalopoda, Echinodermata, Tunicata, Chordata, terrestrial animals and planktonic animals
aerial phytoplankton
capture of living animals by plants and algae other than angiosperms
specialized scavenging in mammals
annual herbaceous growth in land plants outside angiosperms
woody stems in bryophytes
basal leaf (or blade) growth in plants and algae outside angiosperms and laminarialean algae
roots for sedimentary uptake of nutrients in algae outside siphonalean and charophyte green algae
herbivory in Ctenophora, Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Araneae, Myriapoda, Scaphopoda, Cephalopoda, Chondrichthyes, adult Amphibia and Serpentes
algal diet in marine turtles and marine birds
piercing-and-sucking herbivory on freshwater vascular plants by insects
gelatinous freshwater plankton
envenomation in Porifera, Ctenophora, Crustacea, Hemichordata, Tunicata, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, water-dwelling plants, algae and fungi
gastropod opercula that bite
communication by sound in basal Metazoa, Lophotrochozoa and Echinodermata
communication by electrical signals in basal Metazoa, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa and Echinodermata
social organization in shell-bearing Mollusca, Echinodermata
eusociality in Lophotrochozoa, Echinodermata and Chordata outside Mammalia
combinatorial communication among animals other than humans
clonal reproduction in Mollusca, Brachiopoda, vertebrates and Arthropoda
live-bearing in turtles and birds