Table 3.

Statistical results for phylogenetic rarefaction of real morphological character data. Correlations between the CI and phylogenetic relatedness for four-taxon subtrees sampled from the complete phylogeny. Analyses used 1000 randomly sampled subtrees. Shapiro–Wilk normality tests indicated that numbers of states and homoplasy indices were non-normally distributed (with p < 0.05). Statistically significant correlations (with p < 0.05) are indicated in bold.

reference	clade	taxa	characters	normality test p	normality test W	Spearman's correlation p	Spearman's correlation D	linear correlation p	linear correlation r
Angielczyk & Kurkin [35]	dicynodonts	28	53	<0.0001	0.8970	0.0019	147 690 000	0.0001	0.1267
Archibald et al. [36]	placental mammals	25	70	<0.0001	0.8801	0.2448	169 250 000	0.5504	−0.0189
Ausich [37]	crinoids	33	25	<0.0001	0.8094	0.6531	158 810 000	0.9101	−0.0036
Bitsch & Bitsch [38]	Mandibulata	35	72	<0.0001	0.9686	0.9603	166 000 000	0.7882	0.0085
Brochu [39]	crocodilians	62	164	<0.0001	0.9062	0.0063	178 990 000	0.1273	−0.0483
Chatterton et al. [40]	proetid trilobites	38	55	<0.0001	0.9483	0.1598	158 340 000	0.1833	0.0421
Cherns [41]	chitons	33	28	<0.0001	0.8950	0.1303	155 450 000	0.1058	0.0512
Cotton [42]	ptychoparioid trilobites	49	97	<0.0001	0.8927	0.0011	147 210 000	0.0011	0.1028
Dietze [43]	ray-fin fishes	50	57	<0.0001	0.9887	0.1336	158 500 000	0.1456	0.0461
Dyke et al. [44]	galliform birds	65	102	0.01705	0.9963	0.1800	159 430 000	0.2259	0.0383