Table 2.
Frequency (%) of positivity by immunohistochemistry or mutation of relevant biomarkers in childhood cancers. References are listed in Supplemental document (S1).
| Target | Childhood cancer | IHC (%) | Reference | Mutation (%) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALK | Neuroblastoma | 23.5% (stage 1–2) 77% (stage 3–4) | [I] | 10.4% | [II] |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 53% (ARMS) 23% (ERMS) | [III] | 16% (deletion) | [IV] | |
| Ewing sarcoma | 69% | [V] | 16% | [V] | |
| Glioblastoma | 82% (in cell lines) | [VI] | – | ||
| BRAF | Low-grade glioma | – | 15% (V600E) | [VII] | |
| cMET | Glioblastoma | 29% (pediatric and adult cohort) | [VIII] | – | |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 35% | [IX] | – | ||
| Ewing sarcoma | 86% | [V] | 9% | [V] | |
| EGFR | Glioma | 80% | [X] | 17% (deletion) | [XI] |
| Neuroblastoma | 95% | [XII] | infrequent | [XII] | |
| Osteosarcoma | 59% | [XIII] | – | ||
| Wilms tumor | 38% | [XIV] | – | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 47% | [XV] | 13% | [XVI] | |
| ERBB2 | Medulloblastoma/ATRT | 57.5% | [XVII] | – | |
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | 33% | [XV] | – | ||
| Wilms tumor | 39.1% | [XVIII] | – | ||
| Osteosarcoma | 18.8% | [XIX] | – | ||
| MGMT | Glioblastoma | 11% | [XX] | – | |
| PDGFRA | DIPG | 36% | [XXI] | 5% | [XXII] |
| Glioblastoma | 18% | [XXIII] | 14% | [XXII] | |
| Neuroblastoma | 100% | [XXIV] | – | ||
| Ependymoma | 29.2% | [XXV] | – | ||
| Rhabdomyosarcoma | > 40% | [XXVI] | – | ||
| PDGFRB | Rhabdomyosarcoma | > 40% | [XXVI] | – | |
| Glioma | 78.9% | [X] | 0% | [XI] | |
| Ewing sarcoma | 79% | [XXVII] | 0% | [XXVIII] | |
| Astrocytoma | 31% | [XXIX] | – | ||
| Neuroblastoma | 72.5% | [XXX] | – | ||
| PIK3CA | Neuroblastoma | 92% | [XII] | Infrequent | [XII] |
| PTEN | Osteosarcoma | – | 20% (deletion) | [XIII] | |
| Neuroblastoma | 100% | [XII] | 39% (deletion) | [XII] | |
| SPARC | Osteosarcoma | 96.3% | [XXXI] | – | |
| VEGF | ALL | 21% | [XXXII] | – | |
| AML | 38% | [XXIV] | – |
– indicates not studied.