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Disruption of phenylpropanoid biosynthetic genes results in the accumulation of normally low-abundance HCEs. Shown are quantifications by HPLC of total HCEs (A) and total flavonol glycosides (B) extracted from 3-week-old whole rosettes of wild-type plants and plants with the indicated mutations. Sinapoylmalate in A is represented in dark gray, and the sum of all other hydroxycinnamoyl esters is represented in light gray. Graphs show means ± sd of three biological replicates.
