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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Nov;23(11):2190–2198. doi: 10.1002/oby.21268

Table 2.

Changes in body composition and resting metabolism, and metabolic adaptation while consuming diets differing in carbohydrate content and glycemic index during active weight loss (Phase 2) and relative weight stability (Phase 3).1

Main effects
ModCarb+
HighGI		 HighCarb+
HighGI		 ModCarb+
LowGI		 HighCarb+
LowGI		 GI-level
(low v. high)		 Carb-content
(moderate v. high)
Weight (kg)2
  ΔPhase 2 −5.8 [−7.1, −4.6] −5.3 [−6.9, −3.7] −6.6 [−8.0, −5.2] −6.8 [−8.3, −5.2] −0.8 [−2.1, 0.4] −0.3 [−1.5, 1.0]
  ΔTotal −6.6 [−8.1, −5.1] −6.1 [−8.1, −4.1] −7.8 [−9.6, −5.9] −7.6 [−9.7, −5.6] −1.1 [−2.8, 0.6] −0.5 [−2.1, 1.3]
Fat mass (kg)3
  ΔPhase 2 −4.6 [−5.7, −3.5] −4.7 [−5.9, −3.5] −4.9 [−6.0, −3.8] −5.1 [−6.5, −3.8] −0.2 [−1.3, 0.9] 0.1 [−1.0, 1.2]
  ΔTotal −5.8 [−7.2, −4.4] −4.9 [−6.6, −3.3] −6.4 [−7.8, −5.0] −6.1 [−7.9, −4.4] −0.7 [−2.0, 0.7] −0.7 [−2.1, 0.7]
Fat free mass (kg)3
  ΔPhase 2 −1.2 [−2.0, −0.5] −0.6 [−1.3, 0.1] −1.7 [−2.3, −1.1] −1.6 [−2.2, −1.0] −0.7 [−1.3, −0.1]a −0.3 [−0.9, 0.3]
  ΔTotal −0.8 [−1.5, −0.1] −1.1 [−1.9, −0.4] −1.4 [−2.0, −0.8] −1.5 [−2.2, −0.7] −0.4 [−1.0, 0.2] 0.2 [−0.4, 0.8]
RMR (kJ/d)3
  ΔPhase 2 −473 [−703, −243] −410 [−615, −209] −427 [−590, −260] −527 [−716, −343] −33 [−213, 151] 21 [−167, 205]
  ΔTotal −389 [−640, −138] −373 [−624, −126] −460 [−666, −255] −494 [−737, −251] −96 [−331, 138] 8 [−226, 243]
RMR, measured – predicted (kJ/d)4
  Phase 2 −243 [−414, −71] −193 [−385, 0] −155 [−314,0] −310 [−536, −84] −13 [−184, 163] 50 [−121, 226]
  Phase 3 −159 [−327, 13] −109 [−356, 138] −176 [−377, 29] −251 [−498, −4] −75 [−293, 138] 13 [−205, 230]
RQ3
  ΔPhase 2 −0.01 [−0.02, 0.01] −0.01 [−0.04, 0.01] −0.02 [−0.04, 0.00] −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01] −0.01 [−0.02, 0.00] −0.01 [−0.02, 0.01]
  ΔTotal 0.00 [−0.03, 0.03] −0.01 [−0.03, 0.02] −0.02 [−0.04, 0.00] −0.01 [−0.03, 0.02] −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01] −0.01 [−0.03, 0.01]

1 kcal = 4.186 kJ

1

Values are mean [95% CI] (n = 77–79). ΔPhase 2, change from baseline to end of Phase 2; ΔTotal, change from baseline to end of Phase 3; GI, glycemic index; FFM, fat free mass; FM, fat mass; HighCarb, 70% energy from carbohydrate; ModCarb, 55% energy from carbohydrate; RMR, resting metabolic rate; RQ, respiratory quotient.

2

3-factor (carbohydrate, GI and time) repeated measures ANCOVA. Main effect of time (P < 0.05); effects of diet were not statistically significant.

3

2-factor (carbohydrate and GI) ANCOVA.

4

2-factor (carbohydrate and GI) ANOVA. Regression equation for computing predicted RMR developed from baseline data (R2 = 0.82, P < 0.001): Predicted-RMRPhase i (kcal/d) = 6.36*FMPhase i + 19.33*FFMPhase i + 1.98*age − 60.3*sex + 265.38; M = 0, F = 1

a

Main effect of GI-level; P = 0.02