Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants.
| Family of centenarians |
Very old |
Centenarians |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Offspring | Unrelated family | 85–99 years | 100–104 years | 105–109 years | 110 + | p | |
| N (male, female) | 167 (126, 41) | 167 (41, 126) | 536 (234, 302) | 275 (59, 216) | 387 (48, 339) | 22 (2, 20) | < 0.001a |
| Age at enrollment, median [IQR] | 76.5 [71.3, 80.6] | 73.2 [68.3, 78.6] | 87.4 [86.2, 88.8] | 100.7 [100.2, 102.1] | 106.8 [105.9, 107.5] | 110.7 [110.4, 111.2] | |
| Living conditions, nursing home N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 90 (32.7%) | 263 (68.0%) | 18 (81.8%) | < 0.001a |
| Past or current smoking, N (%) | 87 (52.1%) | 33 (19.8%) | 205 (38.2%) | 39 (14.2%) | 37 (9.6%) | 2 (9.1%) | < 0.001a |
| Missing data, N (%) | 13 (7.8%) | 21 (12.6%) | 20 (3.7%) | 1 (0.4%) | 3 (0.8%) | 1 (4.5%) | |
| Higher education, N (%) | NA | NA | 195 (36.4%) | 58 (21.1%) | 40 (10.3%) | 2 (9.1%) | < 0.001a |
| Missing data, N (%) | NA | NA | 19 (3.5%) | 8 (2.9%) | 18 (4.7%) | 1 (4.5%) | |
| Barthel index, median [IQR] | 100 [100, 100] | 100 [100, 100] | 100 [95, 100] | 45 [15, 80] | 15 [5, 50] | 5 [0, 15] | |
| Missing data, N (%) | 18 (10.8%) | 28 (16.8%) | 7 (1.3%) | 3 (1.1%) | 6 (1.6%) | 1 (4.5%) | |
| MMSE, median [IQR] | NA | NA | 27 [25,29] | 14 [8,21] | 6 [0, 13] | 0 [0, 4] | |
| Missing data, N (%) | NA | NA | 7 (1.3%) | 34 (12.3%) | 92 (23.8%) | 4 (18.2%) | |
| Past medical history, N (%) | |||||||
| Hypertension | 66 (42.0%) | 65 (41.4%) | 336 (62.7%) | 98 (35.9%) | 147 (38.4%) | 8 (36.4%) | < 0.001a |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21 (13.5%) | 22 (14.2%) | 100 (18.7%) | 19 (6.9%) | 22 (5.7%) | 2 (9.1%) | < 0.001a |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 25 (15.0%) | 34 (20.4%) | 225 (42.0%) | 39 (14.2%) | 50 (12.9%) | 5 (22.7%) | < 0.001a |
| Fragility fracture | 9 (5.8%) | 12 (7.9%) | 123 (23.0%) | 126 (46.7%) | 212 (55.2%) | 11 (50.0%) | < 0.001a |
| Cancer other than skin | 20 (12.9%) | 10 (6.6%) | 100 (18.9%) | 29 (10.8%) | 45 (11.7%) | 4 (18.2%) | 0.474a |
| Stroke | 15 (9.0%) | 6 (3.6%) | 92 (17.2%) | 45 (16.4%) | 75 (19.4%) | 2 (9.1%) | < 0.001a |
| Coronary heart disease | 11 (6.6%) | 6 (3.6%) | 54 (10.1%) | 40 (14.5%) | 58 (15.0%) | 3 (13.6%) | < 0.001a |
| Renal disease | 6 (3.6%) | 9 (5.4%) | 57 (10.6%) | 22 (8.0%) | 27 (7.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | < 0.001a |
| No of chronic Conditions, Median [IQR] | 1 [0,2] | 1 [0,2] | 2 [1,3] | 1 [1,2] | 2 [1,2] | 2 [1,2] | |
| Missing data, N (%) | 13 (7.8%) | 15 (9.0%) | 9 (1.7%) | 8 (2.9%) | 5 (1.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Laboratory data, mean ± SD | |||||||
| WBC, /μL | 5860 ± 1569 | 5610 ± 1293 | 5752 ± 1344 | 5386 ± 1425 | 5459 ± 1730 | 6301 ± 3331 | 0.029 |
| RBC, × 106/μL | 4.44 ± 0.47 | 4.33 ± 0.42 | 4.12 ± 0.44 | 3.62 ± 0.50 | 3.61 ± 0.55 | 3.77 ± 0.61 | < 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin, g/dL | 13.8 ± 1.4 | 13.3 ± 1.3 | 12.5 ± 1.4 | 11.3 ± 1.5 | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 11.6 ± 1.8 | < 0.001 |
| Platelets, × 104/μL | 21.5 ± 5.5 | 21.9 ± 5.4 | 21.7 ± 5.5 | 18.9 ± 5.8 | 19.4 ± 6.7 | 19.3 ± 8.4 | < 0.001 |
| Missing data, N (%) | 2 (1.2%) | 1 (0.6%) | 4 (0.7%) | 10 (3.6%) | 10 (2.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 196 ± 35 | 212 ± 33 | 201 ± 33 | 172 ± 34 | 165 ± 36 | 156 ± 34 | < 0.001 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mg/dL | 54 ± 15 | 58 ± 14 | 59 ± 15 | 53 ± 13 | 45 ± 13 | 44 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Albumin, g/dL | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 4.1 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.4 | 3.4 ± 0.4 | 3.2 ± 0.4 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.78 ± 0.17 | 0.72 ± 0.48 | 0.84 ± 0.51 | 0.89 ± 0.45 | 0.86 ± 0.43 | 0.78 ± 0.32 | 0.002 |
| Missing data, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 3 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| CMV positive, N (%) | 162 (97.6%) | 165 (99.4%) | 524 (98.1%) | 266 (99.6%) | 383 (100.0%) | 21 (100.0%) | 0.133 |
| CMV titer Median [IQR] | 18.1 [11.5, 28.1] | 21.6 [14.5, 34.2] | 18.8 [12.4, 29.1] | 27.7 [17.1, 43.9] | 29.6 [18.8, 53.0] | 25.2 [16.1, 40.4] | |
| Missing data, N (%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 2 (0.4%) | 8 (2.9%) | 4 (1.0%) | 1 (4.5%) | |
| CRP, Median [IQR],mg/dL | 0.07 [0.04, 0.14] | 0.07 [0.04, 0.16] | 0.09 [0.04, 0.19] | 0.16 [0.06, 0.44] | 0.25 [0.09, 0.80] | 0.21 [0.07, 1.15] | < 0.001 |
| Missing data, N (%) | 1 (0.6%) | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.1%) | 4 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Interleukin-6, Median [IQR], pg/mL | 1.03 [0.65, 1.52] | 1.13 [0.78, 1.52] | 1.69 [1.29, 2.46] | 2.86 [2.26, 4.27] | 3.31 [2.41, 5.31] | 3.30 [2.40, 6.84] | < 0.001 |
| TNF-alpha, Median [IQR], pg/mL | 1.37 [0.86, 2.06] | 2.02 [1.39, 2.47] | 2.19 [1.88, 2.79] | 3.36 [2.82, 4.24] | 4.91 [3.85, 6.49] | 4.53 [4.00, 5.38] | < 0.001 |
| Missing data, N (%) | 3 (1.8%) | 1 (0.6%) | 3 (0.6%) | 13 (5.1%) | 13 (3.4%) | 1 (4.5%) | |
| Lymphocyte surface markers | |||||||
| N (male, female) | 17 (15, 2) | 17 (2, 15) | NA | 8 (0, 8) | 111 (11, 100) | 3 (0, 3) | |
| CD4, % Mean ± SD | 44.7 ± 10.1 | 48.7 ± 12.3 | NA | 39.3 ± 8.9 | 38.7 ± 11.7 | 44.0 ± 18.2 | |
| CD8, % Mean ± SD | 30.2 ± 10.0 | 26.4 ± 10.2 | NA | 30.4 ± 11.0 | 31.6 ± 11.1 | 21.6 ± 13.8 | |
| CD4/CD8, median [IQR] | 1.37 [1.11, 1.91] | 1.88 [1.44, 2.32] | NA | 1.02 [0.88, 2.56] | 1.20 [0.91, 1.84] | 1.62 [0.81, 10.53] | |
| CD16, % mean ± SD | 18.3 ± 9.2 | 15.3 ± 10.0 | NA | 33.0 ± 13.6 | 23.6 ± 14.4 | 24.4 ± 24.0 | |
| CD28, % mean ± SD | 47.8 ± 11.6 | 48.6 ± 15.2 | NA | 37.8 ± 9.4 | 36.9 ± 13.6 | 48.2 ± 19.9 | |
| CD56, % mean ± SD | 24.2 ± 8.2 | 18.9 ± 10.4 | NA | 31.5 ± 12.7 | 28.8 ± 13.8 | 28.0 ± 30.8 | |
| Telomere length, mean ± SD, bp | 3871 ± 621 | 3773 ± 720 | 3322 ± 681 | 3045 ± 761 | 3387 ± 821 | 3399 ± 920 | |
| Missing data, N (%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.8%) | 4 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 6 (1.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
a
p-value is for a two-sided Cochran–Armitage Trend Test.