Table 1.
Fluorescence-based bioassays. BEBO: 4-[(3-methyl-6-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)]-1-methyl-pyridinium iodide; BFP: blue fluorescent protein; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescent complementation; ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FACS: fluorescence-activated cell sorting; FACTT: fluorescent amplification catalyzed by T7 polymerase technique; FAM: carboxyfluorescein; FDA: fluorescein diacetate; FISH: fluorescent in situ hybridization; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; FRET: fluorescence resonance energy transfer; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GPCR: G-protein-coupled receptor; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; QSAR: quantitative structure activity relationship; RFP: red fluorescent protein; TMR: tetramethylrhodamine; TRITC: tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate; TxR: Texas Red; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.
| Bioassay/Biomaterial | Purpose/Subject | Fluorescent Dye/Molecule (Representative) | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Biosensing | |||
| Fluorescent molecular biosensing | Detection of intermolecular interactions | GFP | Altschuh et al., 2006 [40] |
| Fluorometric HPLC | Analysis of nitrite/nitrate | 2,3-Naphthotriazole | Jobgen et al., 2007 [41] |
| Magnetic modulation biosensing | Detection of targets at low concentrations | Alexa Fluor 488 | Danielli et al., 2010 [42] |
| Cell Assay | |||
| Flow cytometry/FACS | Particle-based flow cytometric assay | GFP | Vignali, 2000 [43] |
| Flow cytometry/Suspension array | Measurement of cell fluorescence | GFP/FITC/Phycoerythrin | Edwards et al., 2004 [44] |
| Fluorescence microscopy | Drug delivery research | GFP/Fluorescein | White & Errington, 2005 [45] |
| Fluorescent cell assay | High-throughput drug discovery | GFP-family proteins | Wolff et al., 2008 [46] |
| Fluorescent cell assay | Application in cellular assays | Lanthanides/GFP/FAM | Hanson & Hanson, 2008 [47] |
| Fluorescent cytomics | Application of RNA/DNA aptamers | Fluorescein/TMR-C5 | Ulrich et al., 2004 [48] |
| Fluorescent reporter-gene assay | Screening of hormonally active compounds | GFP | Svobodová & Cajthaml, 2010 [49] |
| Single live-cell imaging | Gene expression/Protein interaction | GFP | Mullassery et al., 2008 [50] |
| Energy Transfer-Based Assay | |||
| FRET | Live-cell imaging | GFP/BFP | Salipalli et al., 2014 [51] |
| FRET/Flow cytometry | Analysis of protein structure | FITC/Phycoerythrin/GFP | Szöllosi et al., 1998 [52] |
| Probing | |||
| FISH | Monitoring of chromosome aberrations | (Not shown) | Léonard et al., 2005 [53] |
| FISH | Screening of bladder tumor markers | SpectrumGold, etc. | Lokeshwar & Selzer, 2006 [54] |
| FISH | Study of gene-gene/protein interactions | SpectrumOrange, etc. | Chun et al., 2009 [55] |
| FISH (CO-FISH) | Chromosome segregation study | Cy3/Cy5/FITC/TxR | Falconer & Lansdorp, 2013 [56] |
| Fluorescent calcium indicator | Calcium signaling for cell functions | Fluo-4 | Apáti et al., 2012 [57] |
| Fluorescent caspase substrate/FRET | Screening of anticancer drugs | FITC/GFP/RFP | Brunelle & Zhang, 2011 [58] |
| Fluorescent hybridization | Identification of nucleic acids | Fluorescein/Rhodamine, etc. | Marras et al., 2005 [59] |
| Fluorescent nanoparticle | Synthesis of fluorescent probes | Cyanines/FITC/TRITC | Sokolova & Epple, 2011 [60] |
| Fluorescent nucleic acid probe | Labeling of nucleic acid probes | Fluorescein/Rhodamine, etc. | Kricka & Fortina, 2009 [61] |
| Fluorescent reporter assay | Functional study of ion channels | GFP/RFP | Musa-Aziz et al., 2010 [62] |
| Fluorescent reporter assay/FRET | Antimycobacterial susceptibility testing | FDA/GFP/RFP | Sánchez & Kouznetsov, 2010 [63] |
| Fluorescent reporter assay/FRET | Detection of gene expression | GFP/RFP | Jiang et al., 2008 [64] |
| Fluorescent spectroscopy/FRET | Probing biological enzymatic reactions | Cy3/Cy5 | Jahnz & Schwille, 2004 [65] |
| Quantum dot | Fluorescence bioassay | Quantum dot | Liu et al., 2005 [66] |
| Quantum dot/FRET | Imaging/labeling/sensing | Quantum dot | Medintz et al., 2005 [67] |
| Quantum dot/FRET | Immunoassay/microarray assay/imaging | Quantum dot | Zhang & Wang, 2012 [68] |
| Quantum dot/Suspension array | Detection of cancer markers/tumor cells | Quantum dot | Akinfieva et al., 2013 [69] |
| Small-molecule fluorochrome | Screening of antagonists for GPCRs | FITC/FuraRed/Alexa Fluor 546 | Arterburn et al., 2009 [70] |
| Small-molecule fluorochrome | Detection of reactive oxygen species | Hydroethidine/Hydrocyanines | Maghzal et al., 2012 [71] |
| Small-molecule fluorochrome | QSAR | FDA | Horobin et al., 2013 [72] |
| Small-molecule fluorochrome | Fluorescently labeled GPCR ligands | Rhodamine B, etc. | Vernall et al., 2014 [73] |
| Protein/Immunological Assay | |||
| BiFC | Protein interaction/modification | GFP/YFP | Kerppola, 2009 [74] |
| BiFC | Protein-protein interaction | GFP/YFP, etc. | Miller et al., 2015 [75] |
| Chemifluorescent ELISA | Monitoring of kinase activity | (Not shown) | Wu et al., 2010 [76] |
| Fluorescent dye-based protein assay | Quantitation of protein | NanoOrange | Noble & Bailey, 2009 [77] |
| Immuno-detection (FACTT) | Quantification of rare blood biomarkers | RiboGreen | Freudenberg et al., 2008 [78] |
| Lanthanide-doped fluorescent assay | Application for bioassay/therapy | Lanthanides | Guo & Sun, 2012 [79] |
| Lanthanide fluorescent immunoassay | Time-resolved fluorescence bioassay | Eu3+/Sm3+/Tb3+/Dy3+ | Yuan & Wang, 2005 [16] |
| Lanthanide fluorescent immunoassay | Prion disease research | Lanthanides | Sakudo et al., 2007 [80] |
| Real-time immuno-PCR | Diagnoses of viral antigens/pathogens | SYBR Green I/BEBO | Barletta, 2006 [81] |
| Sandwich fluoroimmunoassay | Detection/identification of toxins | Cy5 | Ligler et al., 2003 [82] |
| Microarray/Biochip Assay (see Table 2) | |||