Table 2.

Fluorescence-based microarrays/biochips for food study. ELISA: enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FAM: carboxyfluorescein; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GMO: genetically modified organism; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; MAPREC: mutant analysis by PCR and restriction enzyme cleavage; NAIMA: nucleic acid sequence-based amplification implemented microarray analysis; PNA: peptide nucleic acid; RuBpy: [Ru(bpy)₃]Cl₂/Tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride.

Method/Tool	Purpose/Subject	Fluorescent Dye/Molecule	Reference
Antibody/Protein microarray
Antibody microarray	Screening of foodborne pathogens	Cy3/Fluorescein	Gehring et al., 2008 [91]
Antibody microarray	Detection of multiplex toxins	Cy3/RuBpy	Lian et al., 2010 [92]
Bead/Suspension array
Aptamer/Suspension array	Detection of mycotoxins	FITC	Sun et al., 2014 [94]
Cytometric bead array	Detection of pathogens	Alexa Fluor 532/Cy3	Stroot et al., 2012 [108]
Liquid bead array	Genetically modified maize	Phycoerythrin	Han et al., 2013 [109]
Magnetic suspension assay	Quantification of bacterial/plant toxins	Phycoerythrin	Pauly et al., 2009 [93]
Microsphere suspension array	Multiplex mycotoxin detection	FITC	Deng et al., 2013 [110]
Suspension array	Detection of pesticides	Phycoerythrin	Wang et al., 2014 [95]
Capillary/Sensor array
Capillary array electrophoresis	Carbohydrate analysis	Sulforhodamine B	Khandurina et al., 2004 [111]
Chemical sensor array	Discrimination of fresh fruit juices	Lissamine rhodamine B	Tan et al., 2014 [98]
Fluorescent sensor array	Electronic tongue for food analysis	Dendritic fluorophores	Niamnont et al., 2010 [97]
DNA Microarray/PCR-Based Array
Direct RNA hybridization/Microarray	Detection of mycoplasmas	Alexa Fluor 647	Kong et al., 2007 [112]
DNA microarray	Authentication of ginseng drugs	Cy5	Zhu et al., 2008 [113]
DNA microarray	Hypoxia-inducible genes	Phycoerythrin	Otsuka et al., 2010 [114]
DNA microarray	Genotyping of beef/chicken	Cy3/Cy5	Reverter et al., 2014 [115]
DNA microarray	Food safety assessment	PolyAn-Green/PolyAn-Red	Brunner et al., 2015 [116]
Laser microdissection/Microarray	Gene expression profiling of fungi	AmCyan1	Tang et al., 2006 [117]
MAPREC assay	Recombinant flavivirus vaccine strain	NIR Dye 700/800	Bidzhieva et al., 2011 [118]
NAIMA	GMO detection	Oyster-550	Morisset et al., 2008 [119]
Oligonucleotide microarray	Detection of pathogenic bacteria	Quantum dot	Huang et al., 2014 [120]
Oligonucleotide microarray	Detection of grapevine viruses	Cy3	Abdullahi et al., 2011 [121]
PCR/Bead array	Detection of genetically modified cotton	Phycoerythrin	Choi, 2011 [122]
PCR/Microarray	Detection of pathogenic Vibrio spp.	Alexa Fluor 546	Panicker et al., 2004 [123]
PCR/Single-base extension-tag array	Seafood-borne pathogens	Cy3	Chen et al., 2011 [124]
PNA microarray	Genetically modified soybean	Cy3/Cy5	Germini et al., 2004 [125]
Glycan/Lectin Array
Glycan microarray	Functional glycomic analysis	Alexa Fluor 488/Cy5	Yu et al., 2012 [99]
Lectin array	Glycosylation profiling	Phycoerythrin	Wang et al., 2014 [100]
Immunoassay/ELISA-Based Array
Competitive immunoassay	Detection of ochratoxin A	Cy5	Ngundi et al., 2005 [126]
ELISA chip	Food safety assessment	Fluorescein	Herrmann et al., 2006 [127]
ELISA chip	Staphylococcal enterotoxin B detection	FluoSpheres	Han et al., 2013 [128]
Fluoroimmunoassay	Detection of food allergens	Alexa Fluor 647	Shriver-Lake et al., 2004 [129]
Fluoroimmunoassay	Detection of mycotoxins	Cy5	Ngundi et al., 2006 [130]
Immunoassay microarray	Detection and quantification of toxins	Cy5	Weingart et al., 2012 [131]
Immunoassay microarray	Multiplex mycotoxin detection	Cy3	Hu et al., 2013 [101]
Immunoassay microarray	Detection of mycotoxins	Phycoerythrin	Peters et al., 2014 [102]
Sandwich fluoroimmunoassay	Detection of pathogens/toxins	Cy5	Ngundi & Taitt, 2006 [132]
Sandwich fluoroimmunoassay	Staphylococcal enterotoxin B detection	RuBpy	Zhang et al., 2011 [133]
Microfluidic Chip
Microfluidic chip	Detection of food poisoning bacteria	Alexa Fluor 647	Ikeda et al., 2006 [105]
Microfluidic chip	Detection of single-base mismatches	FAM	Wang et al., 2013 [134]
Microfluidic chip	In-line monitoring of food processing	GFP	Le et al., 2014 [106]
Tissue Array
Microbial cell fluorescence staining	Microbial staining	Brilliant blue FCF	Chau et al., 2011 [107]