TABLE 3.
Medicare Claims among Persons who Met Criteria for Depression according to the SCID, Comparing Characteristics of Persons who Had No Medicare Claim for Depression (“False Negatives”) to Persons who Had a Medicare Claim for Depression (Reference Group). Data Gathered from the Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial (PROSPECT) and Medicare Claims, 1999–2003.
| Characteristic | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) (Model 1) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Model 2) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Model 3) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sociodemographic characteristics
| |||
| Age > 70 years | 0.61 (0.41 – 0.89)** | 0.86 (0.55 – 1.33) | 0.79 (0.50 – 1.25) |
| Women | 0.64 (0.42 – 0.97)* | 0.67 (0.41 – 1.10) | 0.69 (0.40 – 1.18) |
| Ethnic minority | 1.16 (0.75 – 1.81) | 1.75 (1.02 – 3.01)* | 2.11 (1.17 – 3.80)* |
| Education (at least 12 years) | 1.27 (0.84 – 1.94) | — | 1.24 (0.73 – 2.10) |
| Married | 1.45 (0.96 – 2.20) | — | 1.16 (0.68 – 1.96) |
|
| |||
|
Habits
| |||
| Current smoker | 0.79 (0.48 – 1.29) | — | 0.55 (0.30 – 0.99)* |
|
| |||
|
Cognition and depression
| |||
| MMSE score (< 23) | 0.60 (0.29 – 1.25) | — | 0.57 (0.22 – 1.46) |
| HDRS score (> 10) | 0.65 (0.40 – 1.04) | — | 0.47 (0.26 – 0.84)* |
| Suicidal ideation (SSI > 0) | 0.95 (0.61 – 1.50) | — | 0.90 (0.53 – 1.54) |
|
| |||
|
Medical conditions
| |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.18 (0.11 – 0.29)*** | 0.30 (0.17 – 0.52)*** | 0.28 (0.16 – 0.50)*** |
| Diabetes | 0.78 (0.51 – 1.20) | 1.62 (0.96 – 2.73) | 1.70 (0.98 – 2.93) |
| Cancer | 0.45 (0.26 – 0.78)** | 0.62 (0.33 – 1.16) | 0.66 (0.35 – 1.28) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 0.38 (0.24 – 0.60)*** | 0.64 (0.38 – 1.07) | 0.70 (0.41 – 1.19) |
|
| |||
|
Medical services
| |||
| PCP office visits | 0.88 (0.85 – 0.91)*** | 0.91 (0.88 – 0.94)*** | 0.90 (0.87 – 0.94)*** |
Notes: All coefficients based on logistic regression models with random effects to account for clustering of patients by practice. The statistical significance of individual variables was assessed with t tests: Model 1, df = 454; Model 2, df = 447; Model 3, df = 430.
OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SSI, Scale for Suicidal Ideation; PCP, Primary Care Physician.
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01;
P < 0.001.