TABLE 4.
Medicare Claims among Persons who Did Not Meet Criteria for Depression according to the SCID, Comparing Characteristics of Persons who Had a Medicare Claim for Depression (“False Positives”) to Persons Who Had No Medicare Claim for Depression (Reference Group). Data Gathered from the Prevention of Suicide in Primary Care Elderly: Collaborative Trial (PROSPECT) and Medicare Claims, 1999–2003.
| Characteristic | Unadjusted OR (95% CI) (Model 1) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Model 2) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) (Model 3) |
|---|---|---|---|
|
Sociodemographic characteristics
| |||
| Age > 70 years | 2.84 (1.05 – 7.66)* | 1.47 (0.49 – 4.45) | 1.46 (0.44 – 4.85) |
| Women | 0.80 (0.37 – 1.74) | 1.10 (0.44 – 2.76) | 1.05 (0.36 – 3.06) |
| Ethnic minority | 0.40 (0.16 – 1.01) | 0.27 (0.09 – 0.81)* | 0.25 (0.07 – 0.90)* |
| Education (at least 12 years) | 0.99 (0.43 – 2.25) | — | 0.99 (0.31 – 3.12) |
| Married | 1.36 (0.65 – 2.84) | — | 1.13 (0.41 – 3.08) |
|
| |||
|
Habits
| |||
| Current smoker | 1.61 (0.43 – 5.98) | — | 2.55 (0.48 – 13.66) |
|
| |||
|
Cognition and depression
| |||
| MMSE score (< 23) | 1.77 (0.55 – 5.65) | — | 2.28 (0.50 – 10.37) |
| HDRS score (> 10) | 4.48 (1.40 – 14.41)* | — | 4.97 (0.91 – 27.15) |
| Suicidal ideation (SSI > 0) | 2.25 (0.58 – 8.70) | — | 0.70 (0.07 – 7.18) |
|
| |||
|
Medical conditions
| |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 8.15 (1.89 – 35.18)** | 3.17 (0.64 – 15.77) | 2.78 (0.55 – 13.95) |
| Diabetes | 2.87 (1.36 – 6.07)** | 2.33 (0.99 – 5.52) | 1.89 (0.74 – 4.85) |
| Cancer | 3.46 (1.43 – 8.36)** | 1.84 (0.67 – 5.10) | 1.96 (0.67 – 5.77) |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 6.50 (2.98 – 14.18)*** | 4.45 (1.90 – 10.45)*** | 3.84 (1.55 – 9.51)** |
|
| |||
|
Medical services
| |||
| PCP office visits | 1.09 (1.04 – 1.14)*** | 1.04 (0.98 – 1.10) | 1.05 (0.99 – 1.12) |
Notes: All coefficients based on logistic regression models with random effects to account for clustering of patients by practice. The statistical significance of individual variables was assessed with t tests: Model 1, df = 248; Model 2, df = 241; Model 3, df = 230.
OR, Odds Ratio; CI, Confidence interval; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; HDRS, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; SSI, Scale for Suicidal Ideation; PCP, Primary Care Physician.
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01;
P < 0.001.