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Schematic diagram of the signaling cascade that leads from Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) through TIR‐domain‐containing adaptor‐inducing IFN‐β (TRIF), tumor necrosis factor‐receptor associated factor (TRAF6), and NF‐kappaB to the up‐regulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and resultant acute lung injury [from figure 2(J) in Ref. (42)].
