Table 1. Characteristics of study subjects.
| Control a | PD a | p | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (n) | n.s.d | ||
| Male | 21 | 21 | |
| Female | 15 | 31 | |
| Total | 36 | 52 | |
| Age (years) | 68.4 ± 9.7 | 68.9 ± 6.8 | n.s.e |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.7 | 20.2 ± 2.8 | < 0.001e |
| Beverage (%) b | 58.3 | 69.2 | n.s.d |
| Stool frequency (/week) | 7.6 ± 4.6 | 3.1 ± 1.2 | < 0.001e |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.2 ± 0.9 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | n.s.e |
| TNF-α (pg/mL) | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.3 ± 0.9 | n.s.e |
| hs-CRP (ng/mL) | 806 ± 917 | 606 ± 1388 | n.s.e |
| Leptin (pg/mL) | 3729 ± 3629 | 2084 ± 2295 | < 0.05e |
| LBP (ng/mL) | 10140 ± 5061 | 7785 ± 2406 | < 0.01e |
| DAO (ng/mL) | 16.8 ± 7.3 | 19.5 ± 13.0 | n.s.e |
| Disease duration (years) | - | 9.5 ± 5.4 | |
| Hoehn and Yahr score | - | 2.7 ± 0.9 | |
| L-dopa (mg) | - | 350 ± 127 | |
| L-dopa equivalent dose (mg) | - | 438 ± 181 | |
| c UPDRS1 score | - | 2.9 ± 2.3 | |
| c UPDRS2 score | - | 11.7 ± 6.8 | |
| c UPDRS3 score | - | 25.6 ± 11.8 | |
| c UPDRS4 score | - | 3.4 ± 2.4 | |
| MMSE score | - | 27.8 ± 4.6 | |
| MoCA-J score | - | 25.0 ± 4.0 | |
| FAB score | - | 15.6 ± 2.3 |
aMean and SD are indicated, if applicable.
bPercentage of the subjects who drink lactic acid bacteria-containing beverage once a week or more.
cUPDRS scores were obtained during the on-phase at the outpatient clinic.
Statistical difference is examined with the Fisher’s exact testd or the Student’s t-teste. n.s., not significant.