Table 1. Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of the 46 participants according to diabetes and DSP status.
| Non-diabetes controls (n = 20)†† | Participants with type 1 Diabetes without DSP (n = 13) | Participants with type 1 Diabetes with DSP (n = 13) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clinical Characteristics | ||||
| Male sex, n (%)* | 5 (25%) | 11 (85%) | 8 (61%) | 0.009 |
| Age (years) | 41.3±17.3 | 30.3±13.7 | 56.2±8.7 | <0.001 |
| Duration of Type 1 diabetes (years) | - | 10.7±6.2 | 34.8±13.0 | <0.001 |
| Current/past smoker† | 6(30%) | 0(0%) | 2(15%) | 0.070 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 127±14 | 122±15 | 140±20 | 0.021 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 79±10 | 70±10 | 73±6 | 0.025 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.5±0.4 | 7.5±1.3 | 8.5±2.2 | <0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.5±0.9 | 4.7±0.8 | 3.9±0.8 | <0.001 |
| Nerve Conduction Data | ||||
| Sural Nerve Amplitude Potential (μV) | 17.3±7.7 | 14.3±5.1 | 2.3±1.8 | <0.001 |
| Sural Nerve Conduction Velocity (m/s) | 52.7±4.3 | 47.9±2.8 | 40.0±4.9 | <0.001 |
| Peroneal Nerve Amplitude Potential (mV) | 7.1±1.9 | 7.4±3.3 | 1.6±1.7 | <0.001 |
| Peroneal Nerve Conduction Velocity (m/s) | 48.4±2.7 | 44.9±2.3 | 33.4±6.8 | <0.001 |
| Peroneal Nerve F-Wave (ms) | 46.4±3.0 | 50.7±4.6 | 68.6±10.1 | <0.001 |
| IVCCM Parameters | ||||
| CNFLManual (mm/mm2) | 16.2±3.96 | 16.9±3.79 | 12.0±4.23 | 0.006 |
| CNFLSemi-Automated (mm/mm2) | 10.2±3.38 | 9.74±3.56 | 7.48±2.15 | 0.053 |
| CNFLFully-Automated (mm/mm2) | 12.53±2.87 | 12.2±3.19 | 9.58±2.19 | 0.013 |
| CNFDManual (fibres/mm2) | 40.3±9.34 | 40.6±9.46 | 30.3±10.54 | 0.011 |
| CNFDSemi-Automated (fibres/mm2) | 22.77±12.47 | 20.94±11.37 | 11.54±6.60 | 0.017 |
| CNFDFully-Automated (fibres/mm2) | 28.06±8.55 | 27.77±8.49 | 17.52±8.13 | 0.002 |
| CNBDManual (branches/mm2) | 31.39±10.24 | 28.21±11.67 | 22.22±12.21 | 0.083 |
| CNBDSemi-Automated (branches/mm2) | 17.22±16.01 | 8.97±9.22 | 7.69±9.50 | 0.073 |
| CNBDFully-Automated (branches/mm2) | 24.99±12.16 | 19.23±16.76 | 13.25±13.13 | 0.068 |
One way ANOVA unless otherwise specified
*Chi-square test
† Fisher’s exact test
†† Values presented in column 1 (other than for Semi-Automated and Fully-Automated CCM parameters) have been presented in a previous publication and are shown here for comparison with the diabetes subgroups.
IVCCM, in-vivo corneal confocal microscopy; CNFL, corneal nerve fibre length; CNFD, corneal nerve fibre density; CNBD, corneal nerve branch density.