Table 4.

A comparison of the pharmacological responses of hECTs.

Reference	Measurement Conditions	Catecholamines	Calcium	L-type Ca2+ channel blocker	Other
Kensah et al [1]	Microelectrode Array: hECT; spontaneous beating Custom-Made Reactor: field stimulation (25V, 10ms)	Isoproterenol: 0.1μM ↑rate (MEA) ↑rate, ↑force (custom-made reactor)			Carbachol: 10μM added after isoproterenol ↓rate (custom-made reactor)
Streckfuss-Bömeke et al [2]	Custom-Made Reactor: field stimulation (1.5Hz, 5ms, V = ET+10%)	Isoproterenol: 1μM ↑force, ↑relaxation velocity (custom-made reactor)	0.2–2.8mM ↑force EC50 = 0.4mM (custom-made reactor)
Schaaf et al [3]	Post-deflection: spontaneous Patch clamping: spontaneous	Isoproterenol: 100nM ↑rate (post-deflection)	0.2–3.0mM ↑force EC50 = 0.8–1.0mM (post-deflection)	Nisoldipine: 1μM ↓amplitude (patch clamp)	Carbachol: 10μM after isoproterenol ↓rate (post-deflection) E-4031: 300nM ↑APD (patch clamp) 1–30nM ↓force, ↓Vmax, ↑beat-to-beat variability (post-deflection) Tetrodotoxin: 3μM ↓Vmax, ↑APD, ↑DI (patch clamp)
Turnbull et al [4]	Post-Deflection: spontaneous Physiological Muscle Bath: field stimulation (2Hz, 5ms)	Isoproterenol: 1nM–1μM ↑rate (post-deflection) 1nM–10μM ↑force EC50 = 750nM (muscle bath)	0.5–2.5mM ↑force EC50 = 1.8mM (muscle bath)	Verapamil: 1nM–10μM ↓force IC50 = 0.61μM (muscle bath)
Thavandiran et al [5]	Optical Mapping: voltage sensitive dye; point stimulation (1Hz) Optical Mapping: calcium-sensitive dye	Epinephrine: 500nM ↑rate (AP propagation)		Verapamil: 500nM ↓amplitude (Ca2+ transient)	Lidocaine: 8.5uM after epinephrine ↓rate (AP propagation)
Nunes et al [6]	Optical Mapping: calcium-sensitive dye; spontaneous			Verapamil: 1mM no Ca2+ transients Nifidipine: 10μM no Ca2+ transients	Caffeine: 5mM ↑Ca2+ amplitude Thapsigargin: 2μM no Ca2+ transients
Zhang et al [7]	Custom-Made Reactor: field stimulation (1Hz)	Isoproterenol: 0.1nM–1μM ↑rate, ↑force EC50 = 95.1 nM
Lu et al [8]	Optical Mapping: calcium-sensitive dye (spontaneous) Force Transducer: field stimulation (1.5Hz, 5ms, V = ET+20%)	Isoproterenol: 1nM–5μM ↑rate = 10-EC50 100nM (Ca2+ transient)	5mM ↑force (force transducer)		E-4031: 1μM ↓amplitude, pulsus alternans (Ca2+ transient)
hPSC-CMs		Isoproterenol: EC50 = 12.9nM [9]	EC50 = 0.4–1.8mM [2, 4]	Nifedipine: IC50 = 39nM [10]	E-4031: IC50 = 17nM [10, 11]
Human Adult		Isoproterenol: EC50 = 11–80nM [12– 15]	EC50 = 3.0mM [16]	Verapamil: IC50 = 143 nM (hERG) [11, 17] IC50 = 0.24–4.3μM (Cav1.2) [18–20] IC50 = 123.0nM (inotropic) [21] Nifedipine: IC50 = 16–24 nM [19] Nisoldipine: IC50 = 67–81 nM [22]	Carbachol: EC50 = 140nM [23] E-4031: IC50 = 7–32nM [11, 20] Tetrodotoxin: IC50 ≥ 1 μM [27, 28] Lidocaine: IC50 = 34–38μM [29]

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