Table 3.
Human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and their co-infection status among injecting drug users in Middle East and North Africa countries between 2005 and 2015
| Country | n | Mean age/age | HIV (%) | HBV (%) | HCV (%) | HIV-HBV co-infection (%) | HIV-HCV co-infection (%) | Triple infection (%) | Ref. |
| Cyprus | 40 | 25-31 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | [27] |
| Iran | 202 | - | NR | NS | 52.0 | NS | 9.4 | NS | [28] |
| 417 | ≥ 17 | 24.4 | NS | 80.0 | NS | 24.0 | NS | [29] | |
| 258 | 28.8 | 18.8 | NS | 65.9 | NS | NR | NS | [30] | |
| 233 | 32.3 | 7.7 | 22.7 | 40.3 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 4.7 | [31] | |
| 117a | < 30 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 59.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | [32] | |
| 899 | 33.9 | 10.7 | 50.7 | 34.5 | 7.8 | 8.7 | 6.5 | [33] | |
| 100 | 17-58 | 19.0 | 6.0 | 56.0 | NR | 15.0 | 5.0 | [34] | |
| 268 | 37.0 | 10.8 | 6.0 | 39.2 | NR | NR | NR | [35] | |
| 153 | 30.7 | 5.9 | 22.9 | 59.5 | 2.0 | 5.2 | 1.3 | [36] | |
| 539 | 35.3 | NR | NR | NR | 0.0 | 1.1 | NR | [37] | |
| 200 | 36.5 | 1.5 | 4.5 | 12.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | [38] | |
| 1327 | 26.5 | 20.2 | NS | 13.5 | NS | NR | NS | [39] | |
| 518 | 35.2 | 15.5 | 3.7 | 69.5 | 0.6 | 11.2 | 0.6 | [16] | |
| Israel | 743 | 33.8 | 1.9 | 8.6 | 69.3 | NR | NR | NR | [40] |
| Lebanon | 106a | ≥ 18 | 0.9 | 2.8 | 52.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | [44] |
| Libya | 328a | ≥ 15 | 87.1 | 4.5 | 94.2 | 4.2 | 83.2 | NR | [41] |
| Palestine | 192 | 41.3 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 43.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | [42] |
| Saudi Arabia | 297 | 31.0 | 0.7 | 6.1 | 37.7 | NR | NR | NR | [43] |
a
Estimated prevalence using respondent-driven sampling method. All numbers were rounded to the nearest 1. n: Sample size; NR: Not reported; NS: Not studied; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus.