Table 4.
Pregnancy outcome and fetal parameters relating to women with T1D and GDM treated with ILPS or NPH insulin in a multicenter observational retrospective study (reproduced with permission from [82])
| Outcome | T1D | GDM | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ILPS (N = 58) | NPH (N = 61) | P value | ILPS (N = 572) | NPH (N = 242) | P value | |
| Weight gain during pregnancy, kg | 11.9 (4.6) | 13.2 (9.4) | ns | 10.2 (6.1) | 9.7 (4.6) | ns |
| HbA1c preconceptiona/at diagnosis,b mmol/mol | 61.7 (11.9) | 57.4 (13) | ns | 36.6 (4.2) | 35.5 (3.1) | 0.04 |
| HbA1c first trimester, mmol/mol | 56.3 (11.9) | 56.3 (11.9) | ns | – | – | – |
| HbA1c second trimester, mmol/mol | 48.6 (7.5) | 47.5 (7.5) | ns | – | – | – |
| HbA1c third trimester, mmol/mol | 49.7 (6.4) | 47.5 (8.6) | ns | 36.3 (6.4) | 35.6 (4.2) | ns |
| Fasting glucose third trimester, mmol/l | 6.0 (1.4) | 7.7 (2.2) | 0.001 | 4.9 (0.7) | 6.3 (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Severe hypoglycemic episodes, % | 5.2 | 13.1 | ns | 0.3 | 2.1 | ns |
| Ketoacidosis episodes, % | 0 | 0 | – | 0 | 0.4 | ns |
| Basal insulin need at term of pregnancy, U/kg | 0.40 (0.20) | 0.33 (0.14) | ns | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.07) | ns |
| Delivery, gestational week | 37.4 (2.4) | 36.9 (2.2) | ns | 38.4 (1.9) | 37.8 (1.7) | 0.001 |
| Cesarean section, % | 48.2 | 63.9 | 0.001 | 31.2 | 46.2 | 0.01 |
| Preterm delivery (<37 gestational weeks), % | 15.5 | 32.8 | 0.05 | 8.6 | 14.9 | 0.01 |
| Stillbirths, % | 3.4 | 1.6 | ns | 0.5 | 0.4 | ns |
| Birth weight, g | 3372 (788) | 3304 (745) | ns | 3304 (505) | 3286 (567) | ns |
| Ponderal index, g/cm3 | 2.75 (0.4) | 2.87 (0.5) | ns | 2.72 (0.3) | 2.78 (0.6) | ns |
| Ponderal index ≥2.85 g/cm3, % | 29.3 | 42.6 | ns | 18.2 | 26.4 | 0.01 |
| Macrosomia (>4000 g), % | 18.9 | 16.3 | ns | 6.1 | 5.3 | 0.01 |
| Small for gestational age, % | 5.2 | 0 | ns | 3.1 | 5.4 | ns |
| Large for gestational age, % | 43.1 | 37.7 | ns | 16.6 | 19.4 | ns |
| Congenital malformations, % | 6.9 | 6.5 | ns | 0.5 | 1.6 | ns |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia, % | 8.6 | 4.9 | ns | 2.3 | 4.1 | 0.01 |
Data are presented as mean (standard deviation), unless stated otherwise
GDM gestational diabetes, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, ILPS insulin lispro protamine suspension, NPH neutral protamine Hagedorn, ns not significant, T1D type 1 diabetes
aIn patients with T1D
bIn patients with GDM