Table 2.

Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) testing the effects of physicochemical parameters of Saharan honeys from different botanical origins on pathogenic bacteria (Akaike information criterion = 2071.5).

Variables	Estimate	2.5% CI	97.5% CI	SE	t-value	P	Sig
Intercept	−129.30	−264.45	5.86	69.0	−1.88	0.062
Clostridium perfringens	−11.27	−14.42	−8.12	1.6	−7.01	< 0.001	***
Escherichia coli	−5.07	−8.22	−1.92	1.6	−3.15	0.002	**
Staphylococcus aureus	−1.20	−4.35	1.95	1.6	−0.75	0.456	ns
Fabaceae sp.	7.99	2.78	13.20	2.7	3.00	0.003	**
Ziziphus lotus	−1.41	−4.33	1.51	1.5	−0.95	0.345	ns
Multifloral honey	−2.59	−5.15	−0.02	1.3	−1.98	0.049	*
Diplotaxis harra	−3.73	−7.07	−0.38	1.7	−2.18	0.030	*
Retama retam	−7.65	−10.85	−4.45	1.6	−4.68	< 0.001	***
Prunus persica	−11.11	−15.65	−6.57	2.3	−4.80	< 0.001	***
Eucalyptus globulus	−13.24	−16.68	−9.80	1.8	−7.54	< 0.001	***
Water content (WC)	1.46	0.08	2.84	0.7	2.07	0.040	*
pH	0.79	−0.86	2.44	0.8	0.94	0.349	ns
Electrical conductivity (EC)	−13.60	−23.48	−3.72	5.0	−2.70	0.007	**
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)	< 0.01	− 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.1	−1.03	0.303	ns
Total sugars	1.41	−0.06	2.88	0.7	1.88	0.060	ns
Reducing sugars	0.10	0.01	0.18	0.0	2.11	0.036	*
Pollen density	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.1	−1.52	0.128	ns
Proline	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.1	0.03	0.973	ns
C. perfringens × D. harra	1.87	−2.30	6.03	2.1	0.88	0.381	ns
E. coli × D. harra	5.54	1.37	9.71	2.1	2.61	0.010	**
S. aureus × D. harra	1.18	−2.99	5.34	2.1	0.55	0.580	ns
C. perfringens × E. globulus	15.84	11.67	20.01	2.1	7.45	< 0.001	***
E. coli × E. globulus	12.97	8.80	17.13	2.1	6.10	< 0.001	***
S. aureus × E. globulus	10.86	6.69	15.02	2.1	5.11	< 0.001	***
C. perfringens × Fabaceae sp.	1.27	−5.03	7.57	3.2	0.39	0.694	ns
E. coli × Fabaceae sp.	0.07	−6.23	6.37	3.2	0.02	0.983	ns
S. aureus × Fabaceae sp.	−9.80	−16.10	−3.50	3.2	−3.05	0.002	**
C. perfringens × P. persica	31.27	24.97	37.57	3.2	9.73	< 0.001	***
E. coli × P. persica	14.68	8.38	20.98	3.2	4.57	< 0.001	***
S. aureus × P. persica	7.20	0.90	13.50	3.2	2.24	0.026	*
C. perfringens × R. retam	7.27	2.81	11.72	2.3	3.20	0.002	**
E. coli × R. retam	7.73	3.27	12.18	2.3	3.40	< 0.001	***
S. aureus × R. retam	7.73	3.28	12.19	2.3	3.40	< 0.001	***
C. perfringens × Z. lotus	5.22	1.23	9.20	2.0	2.57	0.011	*
E. coli × Z. lotus	7.52	3.53	11.50	2.0	3.70	< 0.001	***
S. aureus × Z. lotus	0.79	−3.19	4.78	2.0	0.39	0.697	ns
C. perfringens × Multifloral	7.15	3.59	10.70	1.8	3.94	< 0.001	***
E. coli × Multifloral	7.37	3.82	10.92	1.8	4.06	< 0.001	***
S. aureus × Multifloral	2.03	−1.52	5.58	1.8	1.12	0.264	ns

CI, confidence interval; SE, standard error; P, p-value; Sig, significance codes;

^***P < 0.001,

^**P < 0.01,

^*P < 0.05,

ns: not significant: P > 0.05.