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. 2015 Nov 6;9:118. doi: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00118

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Copyright © 2015 Casadio, Pressman and Mussa-Ivaldi.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Time course of the force and motion indicators. Experimental data vs. model. (A,B) Maximum force error (mean±s.e.m.) in the forward (A, MFE) and in the lateral directions (B, MLE). (C,D) Movement displacement (mean±s.e.m. over all subjects) in the forward (MFD) and lateral directions (MLD). BASELINE and WASH OUT: stiff environment; ADAPTATION: soft environment. Black line: experimental data. Dotted line: catch trials, where the environment unexpectedly changes (either from stiff to soft—baseline phase—or from soft to stiff—adaptation phase). Blue line: simulation data.