Table 2. Indications for EUS, EBUS and TMUS in pulmonary diseases modified according to Annema et al. (8,23,54).

Suspected lung cancer

Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes

FDG-PET-positive mediastinal lymph nodes

Primary lung tumor adjacent to esophagus (EUS) or the airways (EBUS)

Staging of NSCLC

Mediastinal staging (regardless of nodal size at CT)

FDG-PET-positive mediastinal lymph nodes

Enlarged (short axis >10 mm) FDG-PET-negative mediastinal lymph nodes

Mediastinal restaging after neoadjuvant treatment (chemotherapy)

Suspected mediastinal tumor invasion (T4)

Suspected left adrenal or celiac lymph node metastasis (EUS)

Evaluation of mediastinal masses

Solitary (multiple) solid mediastinal masses

Suspected mediastinal metastases of extrathoracic tumors

Mediastinal lymphadenopathy of unknown origin

Suspected granulomatous disease (sarcoidosis, tuberculosis)

Suspected lymphoma

EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; EBUS, endobronchial ultrasound; TMUS, transcutaneous mediastinal ultrasound.