Figure 3. Fingolimod inhibits TNF-α secretion by human monocytes.

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors were briefly exposed to increasing concentrations of fingolimod (0.1 μM, 1 μM, and 10 μM) or vehicle, and left in culture for 18 hours, eventually in the presence of 600 pg/mL or 100 ng/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants were collected and tumor necrosis factor–α (TNF-α) levels were detected by ELISA assay. Data of a representative experiment are shown. Bars represent SEM. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001.