Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics with respect to insulin resistance
| Insulin resistance | p value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Absent | Present | with vs. without insulin resistance | ||
| (n = 171) | (n = 108) | (n = 63) | |||
| Demographics Mean (SD) | |||||
| Age (year) | 43.1 (11.9) | 43.0 (11.6) | 43.2 (12.5) | 0.9251 | |
| Gender | n (%) | ||||
| Male | 16 (9.4) | 7 (6.5) | 9 (14.3) | 0.0912 | |
| Female | 155 (90.6) | 101 (93.5) | 54 (85.7) | ||
| Anthropometrics | |||||
| Height (cm) Mean (SD) | 160.0 (7.7) | 159.1 (6.8) | 161.7 (8.9) | 0.110b | |
| Weight (kg) | 160.0 (7.7) | 84.4 (12.7) | 96.0 (16.9) | <0.001b | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| Overall score | Mean (SD) | 34.7 (5.7) | 33.4 (5.2) | 37.0 (5.8) | <0.001b |
| ≤29.9 | n (%) | 30 (17.5) | 25 (23.1) | 5 (7.9) | <0.0012 |
| 30-34.9 | 71 (41.5) | 52 (48.1) | 19 (30.2) | ||
| ≥35 | 70 (40.9) | 31 (28.7) | 39 (61.9) | ||
| Waist circumference (cm) | 101.5 (11.3) | 98.3 (9.8) | 107.0 (11.5) | <0.001b | |
| Blood pressure (mmHg) | Mean (SD) | ||||
| Systolic | 131.7 (18.7) | 130.6 (19.3) | 133.4 (17.5) | 0.220b | |
| Diastolic | 81.0 (11.3) | 80.2 (11.4) | 82.4 (11.1) | 0.235b | |
| Glycemic parameters | Mean (SD) | ||||
| FBG (mg/dL) | 108.2 (35.1) | 102.2 (32.0) | 118.5 (37.8) | <0.001b | |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.1 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.0) | 6.3 (1.2) | 0.013b | |
| Insulin (μU/ml) | 10.1 (5.9) | 6.9 (2.3) | 15.7 (6.1) | <0.001b | |
| HOMA-IR | 2.7 (1.8) | 1.7 (0.5) | 4.5 (1.8) | <0.001b | |
| Lipid parameters | Mean (SD) | ||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121.5 (35.3) | 122.8 (35.2) | 119.1 (35.6) | 0.299b | |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.2 (10.8) | 52.9 (10.9) | 45.6 (8.9) | <0.001b | |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 198.6 (41.4) | 197.7 (41.2) | 200.1 (42.0) | 0.719b | |
| Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 151.6 (86.3) | 127.8 (65.9) | 192.4 (101.3) | <0.001b | |
| Metabolic syndrome | |||||
| Present | n (%) | 109 (63.7) | 57 (52.8) | 52 (82.5) | <0.0012 |
| Diagnostic criteria (#) | Mean (SD) | 3.0 (1.0) | 3.0 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.0) | <0.001b |
| Waist circumference (Male> 94 cm, Female> 80 cm) | 171 (100.0) | 108 (100.0) | 63 (100.0) | - | |
| Blood pressure (≥130/≥85 mm Hg) | 98 (57.3) | 56 (51.9) | 42 (66.7) | 0.0592 | |
| Fasting blood glucose (≥100 mg/dL, or concomitant diabetes mellitus) | 80 (46.8) | 41 (38.0) | 39 (61.9) | 0.0022 | |
| HDL cholesterol (Male < 40 mg/dL, Female <50 mg/dL) | 94 (55.0) | 50 (46.3) | 44 (69.8) | 0.0032 | |
| Triglycerides (≥150 mg/dL) | 76 (44.4) | 37 (34.3) | 39 (61.9) | <0.0012 | |
| Spirometric findings | Mean (SD) | ||||
| FEV1%pre (%) | 93.6 (11.9) | 95.2 (10.9) | 91.0 (13.2) | 0.111b | |
| FEV1/FVC%pre (%) | 105.3 (5.8) | 106.3 (5.2) | 103.5 (6.4) | 0.004b | |
| PEF%pre (%) | 88.3 (15.5) | 89.6 (14.1) | 86.0 (17.4) | 0.281b | |
| FEF 25-75%pre (%) | 109.2 (22.7) | 112.7 (21.8) | 103.1 (23.1) | 0.020b | |
| FVC%pre (%) | 89.1 (11.3) | 89.7 (10.6) | 88.0 (12.5) | 0.587b | |
| FIVC%pre % | 84.3 (23.2) | 86.1 (24.7) | 81.3 (20.6) | 0.119b | |
| Respiratory function | n (%) | ||||
| Normal | 134 (78.4) | 90 (83.3) | 44 (69.8) | 0.0392 | |
| Abnormal | 37 (21.6) | 18 (16.7) | 19 (30.2) | ||
HDL high density lipoprotein, LDL low density lipoprotein, FBG fasting blood glucose, FEV1 %pre forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration for predicted values, FVC %pre forced vital capacity for predicted values, PEF %pre peak expiratory flow for predicted values, FEF %pre forced expiratory flow for predicted values; FIVC%pre: forced inspiratory vital capacity for predicted values
aStudent’s t-test, 2X 2 test, bMann–Whitney U test