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. 2014 Apr 5;70(5):691–697. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbu012

Table 2.

Differences in Volunteers and Nonvolunteers

Volunteers (39%) Nonvolunteers (61%) Statistic
Gender, % (N)
 Male 35.9 (265) 64.1 (473) χ 2 (1, N = 1,626) = 7.73, p = .005
 Female 42.7 (379) 57.3 (509)
Race, % (N)
 White 42.7 (452) 57.3 (606) χ 2 (1, N = 1,584) = 10.59, p = .001
 Black/other 34.2 (180) 65.8 (346)
Education, mean (SD) 15.76 (2.64) 14.39 (2.98) t(1,595) = −9.44, p <.001
Household income, mean (SD) 4.34 (2.26) 3.61 (2.10) t(1,551) = −6.50, p <.001
Employment status, % (N)
 Employed 42.3 (427) 57.7 (582) χ 2(1, N = 1,600) = 6.12, p = .013
 Not employed 36.0 (213) 64.0 (378)
Current marital status, % (N)
 Married 44.3 (344) 55.7 (433) χ 2 (1, N = 1,626) = 13.55, p = .001
 Not married 35.3 (300) 64.7 (549)
Extraversion, mean (SD) 2.35 (0.37) 2.19 (0.38) t(1,501) = −8.03, p < .001
Agreeableness, mean (SD) 2.76 (0.31) 2.66 (0.32) t(1,499) = −6.09, p < .001
Conscientiousness, mean (SD) 2.62 (0.35) 2.54 (0.36) t(1,503) = −3.96, p < .001
Openness, mean (SD) 2.40 (.39) 2.30 (0.37) t(1,497) = −4.58, p < .001
Neuroticism, mean (SD) 1.43 (0.43) 1.55 (0.43) t(1,504) = 5.60, p < .001
Physical functioning, mean (SD) 51.26 (8.62) 48.48 (10.82) t(1,580) = −5.41, p < .001
Mental health, mean (SD) 61.73 (7.74) 59.56 (9.21) t(1,580) = −4.86, p < .001

Note. Number of participants varies by amount of complete data available.