Table 3.
Growth Curve Models Predicting Frailty Index for Race/Ethnic Subgroups
| White (non-Hispanic; N = 54, 178 obs.) | Blacks (non-Hispanic; N = 9,484 obs.) | Hispanics (N = 6,006 obs.) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects | |||
| Intercept | 28.389*** (0.659) | 29.725*** (1.354) | 28.561*** (1.438) |
| Linear growth rate: age | 0.191*** (0.011) | 0.087** (0.030) | 0.047 (0.039) |
| Nonlinear growth rate: age2 | 0.011*** (0.001) | 0.011*** (0.002) | 0.007* (0.003) |
| Female | 0.708*** (0.195) | 4.165*** (0.560) | 3.519*** (0.706) |
| Foreign born | −0.876 (0.473) | −1.883 (1.117) | −0.530 (0.709) |
| Caregiving hours | |||
| 100–499hr/2 years | −0.549*** (0.109) | −0.747* (0.329) | −0.846 (0.475) |
| 500+ hr/2 years (Ref. cat. = 0–99hr/2 years) | −0.481*** (0.105) | −0.714** (0.276) | −1.220** (0.380) |
| Household residence | |||
| Multigenerational household | 0.572** (0.220) | 0.162 (0.378) | −0.224 (0.499) |
| Skipped generation household (Ref. cat. = no G’Child in household) | 0.125 (0.279) | 2.027*** (0.457) | −0.453 (0.727) |
| Socioeconomic status | |||
| Education (years) | −0.818*** (0.038) | −0.793*** (0.085) | −0.493*** (0.081) |
| Income (Ln) | −0.124** (0.044) | −0.201* (0.093) | −0.346*** (0.093) |
| Net wealth (/100,000) | −0.005 (0.005) | −0.263 (0.136) | −0.206 (0.264) |
| Has long-term care insurance | −0.376** (0.140) | 0.253 (0.435) | 1.214 (0.789) |
| Currently receiving pension | −0.479*** (0.112) | −1.332*** (0.313) | −1.531** (0.531) |
| Currently working for pay | −2.488*** (0.107) | −3.706*** (0.299) | −4.525*** (0.425) |
| Social support | |||
| Married/partnered | −2.723*** (0.155) | −1.336** (0.410) | −2.910*** (0.553) |
| Relative living nearby | 0.181* (0.088) | 0.289 (0.250) | 0.534 (0.337) |
| Friend living nearby | −0.706*** (0.086) | −0.823*** (0.244) | −0.466 (0.306) |
| Frequency of interaction/week | −0.015** (0.005) | 0.022 (0.011) | 0.009 (0.033) |
| Attrition status | |||
| Deceased | 3.630*** (0.239) | 5.012*** (0.637) | 4.736*** (0.938) |
| Loss to follow-up | −1.910** (0.735) | 1.071 (3.224) | −6.439 (3.932) |
| Random effects | |||
| Level 1 | |||
| Within-person | 75.812*** | 108.610*** | 127.120*** |
| Level 2 | |||
| In intercept | 0.265** | 0.927** | 1.806*** |
| In linear growth rate | 0.357*** | 0.441*** | 0.393*** |
| Goodness of fit | |||
| AIC | 332,017.800 | 58,631.900 | 37,704.600 |
| BIC | 332,047.800 | 58,655.200 | 37,726.200 |
Notes. AIC = Akaike information criterion; BIC = Bayesian information criterion. Results adjusted for propensity score weighting, respectively, for each race/ethnic subgroup.
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001.