Table 2.
Log Odds Parameter and Odds Ratio Estimates (95% Confidence Intervals) of Severe Mobility Limitation Recovery, by Social Relationships, Sociodemographic Characteristics, Health Risk Factors, Morbidity Status, and Time (N = 11,322 person-intervals)
| Complete recovery versus persistent severe mobility limitation | Partial recovery versus persistent severe mobility limitation | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 1 | Model 2 | |||||
| Log odds | Odds ratios | log odds | Odds ratios | Log odds | Odds ratios | Log odds | Odds ratios | |
| Social relationships | ||||||||
| Familial social network | ||||||||
| Partnered (yes = 1) | 0.468*** | 1.60 (1.35–1.89) | 0.041 | 1.04 (0.84–1.30) | 0.209** | 1.23 (1.08–1.40) | −0.071 | 0.93 (0.79–1.10) |
| Number of living children | 0.021 | 1.02 (0.99–1.06) | 0.028 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.021 | 1.02 (1.00–1.05) | 0.021 | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) |
| Number of living siblings | 0.055*** | 1.06 (1.02–1.09) | 0.027 | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 0.027* | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) | 0.008 | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) |
| Relatives residing nearby | −0.316*** | 0.73 (0.61–0.87) | −0.219* | 0.80 (0.67–0.96) | −0.031 | 0.97 (0.85–1.10) | 0.014 | 1.01 (0.89–1.16) |
| Neighborhood engagement and embeddedness | ||||||||
| Engaged (yes = 1) | 0.123 | 1.13 (0.93–1.37) | 0.106 | 1.11 (0.91–1.36) | 0.193* | 1.21 (1.04–1.41) | 0.181* | 1.20 (1.03–1.40) |
| Embedded (yes = 1) | −0.095 | 0.91 (0.76–1.10) | −0.104 | 0.90 (0.74–1.10) | 0.120 | 1.13 (0.98–1.31) | 0.094 | 1.10 (0.95–1.28) |
| Community engagement (yes = 1) | 0.313** | 1.37 (1.11–1.68) | 0.068 | 1.06 (0.85–1.32) | 0.204* | 1.23 (1.11–1.68) | 0.095 | 1.10 (0.92–1.31) |
| Instrumental support | ||||||||
| Received (financial) | −0.001 | 0.99 (0.59–1.66) | 0.009 | 1.01 (0.58–1.74) | −0.417 | 0.66 (0.41–1.05) | −0.397 | 0.67 (0.42–1.08) |
| Given (unpaid help) | 0.639*** | 1.89 (1.60–2.25) | 0.368*** | 1.45 (1.20–1.73) | 0.468*** | 1.60 (1.39–1.83) | 0.295*** | 1.34 (1.16–1.55) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Gendera (female = 1) | −0.262** | 0.77 (0.63–0.94) | −0.183* | 0.83 (0.72–0.97) | ||||
| Race/ethnicitya | ||||||||
| White (ref.) | ||||||||
| Black | 0.283* | 1.33 (1.05–1.69) | 0.026 | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) | ||||
| Latino/Hispanic | 0.611*** | 1.84 (1.34–2.53) | 0.451*** | 1.57 (1.24–1.99) | ||||
| Other race | 0.218 | 1.24 (0.68–2.28) | 0.319 | 1.38 (0.87–2.18) | ||||
| Baseline age groupsa | ||||||||
| 51–59 years (ref.) | ||||||||
| 60–69 years | 0.005 | 1.01 (0.79–1.29) | 0.098 | 1.10 (0.91–1.34) | ||||
| 70–79 years | −0.286 | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | −0.035 | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | ||||
| 80+ years | −0.911*** | 0.40 (0.27–0.59) | −0.396** | 0.67 (0.51–0.89) | ||||
| Educationa | ||||||||
| Less than high school | 0.037 | 1.04 (0.85–1.27) | −0.078 | 0.93 (0.79–1.08) | ||||
| High school degree/GED (ref.) | ||||||||
| More than high school | −0.064 | 0.94 (0.72–1.23) | −0.160 | 0.85 (0.69–1.06) | ||||
| Income quartiles | ||||||||
| Bottom quartile (ref.) | ||||||||
| Bottom-middle quartile | 0.137 | 1.15 0.91–1.45) | 0.192* | 1.21 (1.02–1.44) | ||||
| Upper-middle quartile | 0.098 | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 0.083 | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | ||||
| Upper quartile | 0.473** | 1.61 (1.17–2.20) | 0.248 | 1.28 (0.99–1.66) | ||||
| Proxy interview (yes = 1) | −0.370* | 0.69 (0.51–0.93) | −0.413*** | 0.66 (0.53–0.82) | ||||
| Health risk factors | ||||||||
| Health behaviors | ||||||||
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Never smoked (ref.) | ||||||||
| Former smoker | −0.176 | 0.84 (0.69–1.02) | −0.113 | 0.89 (0.77–1.04) | ||||
| Current smoker | −0.597*** | 0.55 (0.42–0.73) | −0.203 | 0.82 (0.66–1.01) | ||||
| Body mass index (BMI): | ||||||||
| Underweight | −0.774** | 0.46 (0.27–0.79) | −0.519** | 0.60 (0.42–0.85) | ||||
| Healthy weight (ref.) | ||||||||
| Overweight | −0.181 | 0.83 (0.67–1.04) | −0.092 | 0.91 (0.77–1.08) | ||||
| Obese | −0.591*** | 0.55 (0.44–0.70) | −0.283** | 0.75 (0.63–0.90) | ||||
| Healthcare access | ||||||||
| Private health insurance (ref.) | ||||||||
| Government insurance | −0.826*** | 0.44 (0.33–0.58) | −0.555*** | 0.57 (0.45–0.73) | ||||
| No health insurance | −0.124 | 0.88 (0.60–1.30) | −0.045 | 0.96 (0.68–1.35) | ||||
| Healthcare utilization | ||||||||
| Doctor’s visit (past 2 years) | −0.342 | 0.71 (0.46–1.10) | 0.182 | 1.20 (0.80–1.80) | ||||
| Hospitalization (past 2 years) | −0.047 | 0.95 (0.80–1.13) | −0.023 | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | ||||
| Outpatient surgery (past 2 years) | 0.231* | 1.26 (1.05–1.52) | −0.011 | 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | ||||
| Regularly taking Rx (past 2 years) | −0.112 | 0.89 (0.65–1.24) | −0.060 | 0.94 (0.71–1.26) | ||||
| Nursing home stay (past 2 years) | −0.694*** | 0.50 (0.33–0.75) | −0.740*** | 0.48 (0.36–0.63) | ||||
| Morbidity status | ||||||||
| Number of chronic conditions | −0.256*** | 0.77 (0.72–0.83) | −0.084** | 0.92 (0.87–0.97) | ||||
| Self-rated health (5 = excellent) | 0.408*** | 1.50 (1.38–1.64) | 0.191*** | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) | ||||
| Observation intervals | ||||||||
| Interval 1 (ref.) | ||||||||
| Interval 2 | −0.066 | −0.121 | −0.063 | −0.077 | ||||
| Interval 3 | −0.235* | −0.219 | 0.064 | 0.091 | ||||
| Interval 4 | −0.304* | −0.273* | −0.068 | −0.055 | ||||
| Interval 5 | −0.165 | −0.105 | −0.082 | −0.067 | ||||
| Intercept | −2.515*** | −0.560 | −2.014*** | −1.133*** | ||||
| −2LogLikelihood | 27,956.569 | 26,857.400 | 27,956.569 | 26,857.400 | ||||
| Degrees of freedom | 52 | 160 | 52 | 160 | ||||
aTime-fixed measures.
*p ≤ .05. **p ≤ .01. ***p ≤ .001.