Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of study subjects
| Cases N = 224 | Control N = 254 | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 61.3 (10.4) | 61.45 (10.7) | 0.88 |
| Age distribution, N (%) | |||
| ≤50 | 30 (13.4) | 30 (11.8) | |
| 51–60 | 76 (34.0) | 92 (36.2) | |
| 61–70 | 68 (30.4) | 76 (29.9) | |
| 71–80 | 44 (19.6) | 52 (20.5) | |
| >80 | 6 (2.7) | 4 (1.6) | 0.89 |
| Gender, N (%) | |||
| Male | 194 (86.6) | 218 (85.8) | |
| Female | 30 (13.4) | 36 (14.2) | 0.81 |
| Cigarette use per day, N (%) | |||
| 1–10 | 54 (34.0) | 27 (24.1) | |
| 11–20 | 79 (49.7) | 77 (68.8) | |
| 21–39 | 17 (10.7) | 7 (6.3) | |
| ≥40 | 9 (5.7) | 1 (0.9) | 0.008 |
| Tobacco use status, N (%) | |||
| None user | 49 (21.9) | 117 (46.1) | |
| Water pipe only | 16 (7.1) | 25 (9.8) | |
| Cigarette only | 124 (55.4) | 92 (36.2) | |
| Both | 35 (15.6) | 20 (7.9) | <0.001 |
| Education, N (%) | |||
| None | 140 (62.8) | 115 (45.3) | |
| Literacy classes/primary school | 64 (28.7) | 83 (32.7) | |
| Preparatory/high/technical school | 17 (7.6) | 47 (18.5) | |
| College or university | 2 (0.9) | 9 (3.5) | <0.001 |
| Marital status, N (%) | |||
| Single/never married | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Married | 198 (88.4) | 226 (89) | |
| Widowed | 24 (10.7) | 26 (10.2) | |
| Divorced or separated | 1(0.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0.997 |
| BMIa, mean (SD) | 25.4 (4.0) | 26.7 (5.1) | 0.002 |
| Muscle invasiveness, N (%) | |||
| Non-invasive | 53 (31.4) | — | |
| Invasive | 116 (68.6) | — | — |
aBody mass index.