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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Exp Hematol. 2015 Jul 2;43(8):587–598. doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2015.05.016

Figure 1. Overview of non-cell autonomous effects of chronic innate immune activation in MDS.

Figure 1

The MDS bone marrow (BM) consists of MDS-derived hematopoietic cells and residual normal cells. The non-cell autonomous consequences of the MDS-derived BM include increased expression of cytokines, expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), and lymphocyte-mediated attack on hematopoietic cells. In addition, MDS HSC affect mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC), therefore altering the HSC niche and hematopoietic differentiation.