Table 1.

Experimental immunotherapy, in course of study, to be used as immunotherapeutic approach in drug-resistant epilepsies

Proposed drugs for immunotherapy in epilepsy	Type of trial	Key results	Mechanism of action	Reference in the text
Pralnacasan	Phase II studyPhase III study(in course)	Intracerebroventricular administration in mice reduced 50% seizure duration and twofold delay in seizure onset	Inhibitor of IL-1β converting enzyme	87–89
Belnacasan(pro-drug of VRT-043198)	Phase II studyPhase III study(in course)	intraperitoneal administration reduced 50% seizure duration and twofold delay in seizure onset	Selective inhibitor of caspases from the ICE/caspase-1 family	87–89
VX765	Double-blind randomized controlled trial on 60 patients with drug resistant partial epilepsy	The percentage of responder-rate, the percentage of patients who were seizure-free for 2 weeks, and percentage of reduction in seizure rates ranged from 13% to 19% in patients who received VX765	Selective inhibition of interleukin converting enzyme (ICE)	91
Resveratrol	Animal experimental study	Anti-epileptic properties of resveratrol in rats with kainic-acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy;Effects of resveratrol in ways of its anti-oxidant properties against epileptogenic oxidative stress in the brain;Inhibition of microglial activation	Suppresses NFκB induced by TLRs 3 and 4 and this property was specifically shown to be mediated through inhibition of TRIF. Expression of IFN-β induced by LPS and poly I: C was also inhibited by resveratrol	99–101
Ifenprodil(NMDA-blocker)	Animal experimental study	Block the proconvulsant effects of HMGB1 in the kainic acid model of acute seizures and decreases seizure recurrence in chronically epileptic mice	Sensitive blocker of NR2B-containing NMDA receptors	74