Table 1.
Studies included in the systematic review (n = 52) and estimated median P1 (%) and P3 (%) seroprevelance by decade of birth
| Source | Country | Population | No. | Titer | 20s |
30s |
40s |
50s |
60s |
70s |
80s |
90s |
00s |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | P1 | P3 | |||||
| Lamy (1978) | Belgium | Hospital and school | 2225 | ≥1:4 | 85.7 | 83.9 | 84.3 | 82.9 | 86.7 | 82.5 | 83.1 | 85.8 | 57.8 | 61.4 | 57.9 | 71.9 | ||||||
| Parmakova (2011) | Bulgaria | Hospital | 250 | ≥1:8 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 85 | 88.8 | 77.3 | 93.3 | 74.2 | 83.9 | 84.6 | ||||||
| Borcic (1998) | Croatia | General | 200 | ≥1:8 | 77.5 | 80 | 73.3 | 82.5 | 68 | 85.3 | 77.3 | 81.5 | 81.8 | 85 | 80 | 85 | ||||||
| Teply (1977) | Czech Republic | General | 540 | ≥1:4 | 95.3 | 96.4 | 95.2 | 94.3 | 92.8 | 98.5 | 95.7 | 93.5 | 97.4 | 94.8 | ||||||||
| Teply (1977) | Czech Republic | General | 180 | ≥1:4 | 99 | 93.5 | 89.5 | 80.9 | ||||||||||||||
| Teply (1977) | Czech Republic | General | 330 | ≥1:4 | 93 | 91.6 | 96.7 | 94.6 | 97.8 | 93.7 | 98.1 | 93.4 | 95.7 | 90.7 | ||||||||
| Teply (1977) | Czech Republic | General | 330 | ≥1:4 | 94.5 | 93.4 | 96.5 | 96.6 | 98.5 | 97.8 | 99.3 | 96.6 | 98.8 | 96.9 | ||||||||
| Teply (1977) | Czech Republic | General | 330 | ≥1:4 | 89.5 | 93.5 | 93.8 | 96.4 | 96.8 | 96.3 | 98.8 | 96.3 | 98.3 | 91.9 | ||||||||
| Teply (1977) | Czech Republic | General | 540 | ≥1:4 | 97.5 | 93.8 | 96.1 | 92 | 97.4 | 94.3 | 96.5 | 96.5 | 99 | 95.5 | 98.8 | 94.6 | ||||||
| Matyasova (2003) | Czech-Republic | General | 3230 | ≥1:8 | 92.2 | 92.2 | 98.2 | 96.6 | 98.4 | 97. | 99.6 | 98.1 | 98.2 | 98.4 | 99.2 | 99 | 98.3 | 97.9 | 100 | 100 | ||
| Malvy (1996) | France | General - Females | 150 | ≥1:10 | 84 | 88 | 91.2 | 88 | 99.2 | 84.4 | 100 | 84 | 85.6 | 94.8 | 84 | 92.8 | 87.3 | 81.3 | ||||
| Malvy (1996) | France | General - Males | 150 | ≥1:10 | 92 | 64 | 88.4 | 74.8 | 88 | 86.8 | 88 | 88 | 91.6 | 98.8 | 88.8 | 98.4 | 84 | 86 | ||||
| Diedrich (1995) | Germany | General | 3266 | ≥1:4 | 89 | 77 | 88.4 | 77.6 | 88 | 78 | 92.2 | 79.8 | 95 | 81 | 94.5 | 80.3 | 95 | 81.8 | 90.3 | 76.3 | ||
| Diedrich (2007) | Germany | General population | 1726 | ≥1:4 | 92 | 92 | 97.6 | 94.1 | 97.5 | 92.5 | 97.4 | 94.7 | ||||||||||
| Grutzner (1970) | Germany | Military personnel | 349 | ≥1:4 | 93.3 | 80.2 | 93.3 | 80.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Grutzner (1970) | Germany | Military personnel | 224 | ≥1:4 | 96.1 | 91.1 | 96.1 | 91.1 | ||||||||||||||
| Grutzner (1970) | Germany | Military personnel | 352 | ≥1:4 | 84.4 | 84.4 | 62.4 | 62.4 | 62.4 | 62.4 | ||||||||||||
| Sauerbrei (2002) | Germany | Pregnant | 290 | ≥1:10 | 90 | 89.2 | 63.8 | 81.2 | 63.8 | 72 | 63.8 | |||||||||||
| Doerr (1979) | Germany | Laboratory | 4705 | ≥1:4 | 80 | 91.4 | 80.4 | 88 | 82.6 | 85 | 74.8 | 81.1 | ||||||||||
| Maass (1986) | Germany | Laboratory | 3847 | ≥1:4 | 85.2 | 84.9 | 83.2 | 75.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Maass (1991) | Germany | Laboratory | 3341 | ≥1:4 | 88.7 | 86.4 | 88.8 | 86.6 | 89.8 | 88.4 | 88 | 89.4 | 86.1 | 83 | ||||||||
| Stark (1999) | Germany | Blood donors | 2079 | ≥1:8 | 90 | 76 | 89.8 | 76 | 86.9 | 75.1 | 77.9 | 66.7 | 86 | 64 | ||||||||
| Stark (1999) | Germany | Blood donors | 2079 | ≥1:8 | 84 | 65 | 84.9 | 66.7 | 92.6 | 81.8 | 89.3 | 80.4 | 92 | 84 | ||||||||
| Weber (1994) | Germany | Hospital | 1243 | ≥1:10 | 81.4 | 78.4 | 81.4 | 78.4 | 81.4 | 78.4 | 81.4 | 78.4 | 81.4 | 78.4 | 81.4 | 78.4 | 81.4 | 78.4 | ||||
| Wicker (2007) | Germany | Medical students | 223 | ≥1:10 | 95.1 | 70 | 95.1 | 70 | 95.1 | 70 | ||||||||||||
| Franck (1999) | Germany | General | 1244 | ≥1:10 | 85 | 80.8 | 89.5 | 82.2 | 82.6 | 79.6 | 82.4 | 79.1 | 82.1 | 77.5 | 77.4 | 71.1 | 75.1 | 72.2 | ||||
| Franck (1999) | Germany | General | 535 | ≥1:10 | 80 | 77.8 | 78.1 | 75.3 | 77.3 | 73.3 | 76.8 | 75 | 78.5 | 79.2 | 84.2 | 78.8 | 73.8 | 65.8 | 74.4 | 58.1 | ||
| Franck (1999) | Germany | General | 1695 | ≥1:10 | 80.1 | 70.2 | 81.1 | 70.4 | 85 | 73 | 83.3 | 76.7 | 78.6 | 66.5 | 77.9 | 65.3 | 77.4 | 47.5 | 76.3 | 53 | ||
| Dalaina (1986) | Greece | General | 881 | ≥1:4 | 84.5 | 85 | 83.5 | 84 | 88 | 84 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 76 | 84.5 | 86.5 | 82 | 86 | ||||
| Frantzidou (2005) | Greece | General | 1064 | ≥1:8 | 87.4 | 85.3 | 86.3 | 86.6 | 87.8 | 85.6 | 89.9 | 87.9 | 89.5 | 83.8 | 89.6 | 77.4 | 94.3 | 75.8 | 96.9 | 86.2 | 96.7 | 87.9 |
| Patti (2002) | Italy | General | 9734 | ≥1:8 | 91.5 | 85.1 | 91.5 | 85.1 | 94.4 | 88.9 | 97.3 | 92.7 | ||||||||||
| Santoro (1984) | Italy | General | 3834 | ≥1:2 | 97.2 | 96.6 | 97.4 | 96.8 | 98.3 | 97.6 | 98.1 | 97.8 | 97.6 | 96.6 | ||||||||
| Mastroeni (1997) | Italy | Children | 1000 | ≥1:8 | 97.6 | 70 | ||||||||||||||||
| Volpi (1976) | Italy | General | 602 | ≥1:2 | 99 | 98.5 | 99 | 98.5 | 99 | 98.5 | 98.6 | 99.3 | 98.4 | 99.3 | 97.7 | 98.5 | ||||||
| Tafuri (2008) | Italy | General | 704 | ≥1:8 | 100 | 99.4 | 100 | 99.4 | ||||||||||||||
| Pianetti (2003) | Italy | General | 477 | ≥1:8 | 97.6 | 95.3 | 98.6 | 94.5 | 97.8 | 94.9 | 95.2 | 96.1 | 94.3 | 94.5 | 93.3 | 93.7 | 96 | 92 | 96 | 92 | ||
| Pianetti (1997) | Italy | Military recruits | 530 | ≥1:8 | 91.9 | 95.5 | ||||||||||||||||
| Trivello (1994) | Italy | General | 274 | ≥1:8 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | 97.9 | 88.3 | ||
| Majori (2006) | Italy | Hospital | 511 | ≥1:2 | 99.3 | 98.9 | 99.3 | 98.9 | 99.3 | 98.9 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.6 | 99.6 | ||||||
| Reali (1990) | Italy | Hospital | 742 | ≥1:8 | 92 | 82 | 87 | 75.8 | 87.2 | 76.6 | 86.4 | 80.6 | 74.8 | 69.2 | 76 | 73.6 | 97 | 98.2 | ||||
| Natoli (1980) | Italy | High school | 57 | ≥1:8 | 65 | 65 | ||||||||||||||||
| Veronesi (2013) | Italy | Obstetric department | 493 | ≥1:8 | 91.1 | 65.5 | 91.1 | 65.5 | 91.1 | 65.5 | 91.1 | 65.5 | ||||||||||
| Albano (1986) | Italy | General | 400 | ≥1:4 | 96 | 98 | 96 | 96. | 98 | 97 | 95 | 99 | 94 | 99 | 97 | 99 | 100 | 100 | ||||
| Tanzi (1991) | Italy | General | 1041 | ≥1:2 | 99.3 | 98 | 99 | 97.6 | 99 | 97.5 | 99.9 | 99.8 | 99.3 | 100 | 99.3 | 99.9 | ||||||
| Stagni (1979) | Italy | General | 1003 | ≥1:2 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 100 | 99 | 100 | 99.9 | 99.9 | 99.9 | 99.7 | ||||||||
| Ribera (1995) | Italy | General | 816 | ≥1:2 | 91 | 91.3 | 91 | 91.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Maiello (1995) | Italy | General | 934 | ≥1:2 | 96.7 | 91.9 | 94.6 | 90.2 | 94.3 | 92.3 | 96.6 | 96.6 | 97.9 | 97.2 | 100 | 92.3 | 98.2 | 97.8 | 98.1 | 100 | ||
| Andreassen (1994) | Lithuania | Pregnant | 100 | ≥1:4 | 91 | 93 | 91 | 93 | ||||||||||||||
| Andreassen (1994) | Lithuania | Policemen | 50 | ≥1:4 | 74 | 80 | 74 | 80 | 74 | 80 | ||||||||||||
| Andreassen (1994) | Lithuania | Men at military camp | 50 | ≥1:4 | 88 | 87 | ||||||||||||||||
| Conyn-van Spaendonck (2001) | Netherlands | General | 7773 | ≥1:8 | 91.8 | 84.6 | 91.8 | 84.6 | 97.9 | 90.2 | 97.9 | 90.2 | 97.9 | 90.2 | 98.2 | 91.6 | 99.4 | 97.1 | 99 | 95.8 | ||
| Van der Maas (2014) | Netherlands | General | 6386 | ≥1:8 | 88.6 | 78 | 90 | 80.8 | 91.7 | 82.5 | 91.5 | 77.9 | 94 | 80 | 97.9 | 90.4 | 98.7 | 91.1 | 98 | 90.9 | 96.1 | 78 |
| Conyn-van Spaendonck (2001) | Netherlands | Orthodox protestants refusing vaccination | 145 | ≥1:8 | 86.9 | 61.3 | 86.9 | 61.3 | 64 | 54.3 | 64 | 54.3 | 64 | 54.3 | 53.6 | 54 | 12.1 | 52.8 | 9.6 | 32.2 | ||
| Van der Maas (2014) | Netherlands | Orthodox protestants | 480 | ≥1:8 | 80.3 | 71.1 | 80.3 | 71.1 | 80.3 | 71.1 | 78.1 | 68.3 | 72.9 | 61.7 | 70.9 | 62.4 | 52.8 | 68.7 | 50.9 | 56.4 | 49.7 | 48.2 |
| Português Ministério da Saúde (2004) | Portugal | General | 1133 | ≥1:8 | 90.1 | 81.8 | 89.1 | 78.5 | 88.2 | 88.2 | 87 | 70.5 | 91.8 | 74.2 | 93.3 | 63.5 | 96.3 | 81 | ||||
| Pachon (2002) | Spain | General | 3615 | ≥1:2 | 95.7 | 94.7 | 95.4 | 94.7 | 96.3 | 95.2 | 99.3 | 95.9 | 98.5 | 97.5 | ||||||||
| Plans Rubio (2006) | Spain | Primary school | 197 | ≥1:8 | 92 | 74.1 | 94.5 | 72.2 | ||||||||||||||
| Bottiger (1972) | Sweden | General | 2291 | ≥1:4 | 93.6 | 96.3 | 91.3 | 95.4 | 94 | 94.9 | 87.2 | 95.2 | 94.1 | 96.4 | ||||||||
| Svensson (1998) | Sweden | General Female | 3390 | ≥1:4 | 96.8 | 95.5 | 98.9 | 98.7 | 98.5 | 97.4 | 98 | 96.1 | 99 | 98.2 | 99.5 | 98.4 | ||||||
| Svensson (1998) | Sweden | General Male | 3390 | ≥1:4 | 93.7 | 91 | 95.1 | 93.7 | 95.1 | 91.9 | 94.6 | 92 | 96.1 | 97.1 | 98.5 | 97.2 | ||||||
| White (1986) | United Kingdom | General | 995 | ≥1:8 | 87 | 85.2 | 81.2 | 82.4 | 86.6 | 84.2 | 91.6 | 86.2 | 89.1 | 81.4 | 88.7 | 77.9 | 90 | 87 | ||||
| Codd (1979) | United Kingdom | General | 1016 | ≥1:4 | 74.5 | 59 | 74.9 | 63.3 | 73.8 | 69.2 | 67.7 | 56.3 | 64.7 | 48.6 | 64.4 | 50 | ||||||
| Roebuck (1982) | United Kingdom | General | 919 | ≥1:8 | 79 | 78 | 85 | 80.4 | 86 | 79.6 | 84 | 78 | 76.9 | 64.9 | 89.3 | 72.3 | ||||||
| Mortimer (1975) | United Kingdom | Children | 292 | ≥1:8 | 70 | 61 | 83 | 71 | ||||||||||||||
| Bainton (1979) | United Kingdom | General | 293 | ≥1:8 | 95 | 89 | ||||||||||||||||
| Joseph (1987) | United Kingdom | University students | 300 | ≥1:8 | 80 | 60 | 86 | 64.3 | ||||||||||||||
| Smith (1982) | United Kingdom | Secondary schools | 208 | ≥1:16 | 74 | 61.1 | 74 | 61.1 | 74 | 61.1 | ||||||||||||
| Galbraith (1969) | United Kingdom | Children | 247 | ≥1:8 | 87 | 88 | 87 | 88 | ||||||||||||||