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Effect of surface microstructure and surface chemistry on HMSC osteoblastic differentiation. HMSCs were plated on TCPS, Ti (PT, SLA), or graphitic carbon-coated (G-PT, G-SLA) substrates and cultured until confluence on TCPS. At confluence, cell number (A), alkaline phosphatase specific activity (B), and levels of secreted osteocalcin (C), osteoprotegerin (D), VEGF (E), and active TGF-β1 (F) were determined. *p<0.05, v. TCPS; #p<0.05, v. PT; $p<0.05, graphitic carbon-coated v. Ti.
