Table 2. Lung function and anthropometry by allocation group in children with acceptable spirometry.
| Entire cohort | Controls n=393 Mean (SD) | Intervention n=400 Mean (SD) | Unadjusted difference (95% CI) | Multivariable regression$ (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 8.5 (0.4) | 8.4 (0.4) | ||
| Weight z-score a | −2.1 (1.0) | −2.0 (1.0) | 0.05 (−0.09 to 0.19) | 0.11 (−0.02 to 0.24) |
| Height z-score a | −1.5 (0.9) | −1.5 (0.9) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) | 0.08 (−0.04 to 0.19) |
| BMI z-score a | −1.7 (0.9) | −1.6 (1.0) | 0.04 (−0.09 to 0.17) | 0.08 (--0.05 to 0.21) |
| FEV1 (L) | 1.21 (0.2) | 1.20 (0.2) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) |
| FVC (L) | 1.38 (0.2) | 1.37 (0.2) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.00 to 0.00) |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.88 (0.0) | 0.88 (0.1) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) |
| FEF25%-75%(L) | 1.64 (0.4) | 1.61 (0.4) | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) | −0.03 (−0.09 to 0.03) |
| FEV1 z-scoreb | −1.11 (0.8) | −1.18 (0.8) | −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.04) | −0.06 (−0.18 to 0.05) |
| FVC z-scoreb | −1.02 (0.8) | −1.07 (0.8) | −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.06) | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.08) |
| FEV1/FVC z-scoreb | −0.20 (0.8) | −0.24 (0.8) | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.07) | −0.04 (−0.15 to 0.07) |
| FEF25%-75% z-scoreb | −0.48 (1.0) | −0.53 (1.0) | −0.06 (−0.20 to 0.09) | −0.05 (−0.20 to 0.10) |
| Children without evidence of prior significant disease | Controls n=350 | Intervention n=357 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 8.5 (0.5) | 8.5 (0.5) | ||
| Weight z-score a | −2.1 (0.9) | −2.0 (1.1) | 0.04 (−0.11 to 0.19) | 0.10 (−0.03 to 0.23) |
| Height z-score a | −1.5 (0.9) | −1.5 (0.9) | 0.03 (−0.10 to 0.16) | 0.08 (−0.04 to 0.20) |
| BMI z-score a | −1.7 (0.9) | −1.6 (1.0) | 0.03 (−0.11 to 0.17) | 0.06 (−0.07 to 0.20) |
| FEV1 (L) | 1.22 (0.2) | 1.21 (0.2) | −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) |
| FVC (L) | 1.38 (0.2) | 1.37 (0.2) | −0.00 (−0.04 to 0.03) | −0.01 (−0.03 to 0.01) |
| FEV1/FVC | 0.89 (0.0) | 0.88 (0.0) | −0.01 (−0.01 to 0.00) | −0.00 (−0.01 to 0.00) |
| FEF25%-75%(L) | 1.67 (0.4) | 1.63 (0.4) | −0.04 (−0.11 to 0.02) | −0.04 (−0.10 to 0.02) |
| FEV1 z-scoreb | −1.07 (0.8) | −1.16 (0.8) | −0.09 (−0.21 to 0.03) | −0.07 (−0.19 to 0.05) |
| FVC z-scoreb | −1.01 (0.8) | −1.05 (0.8) | −0.05 (−0.17 to 0.07) | −0.03 (−0.15 to 0.09) |
| FEV1/FVC z-scoreb | −0.15 (0.7) | −0.22 (0.7) | −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.03) | −0.08 (−0.19 to 0.03) |
| FEF25%-75% z-scoreb | −0.42 (1.0) | −0.50 (1.0) | −0.08 (−0.23 to 0.06) | −0.08 (−0.22 to 0.07) |
a
anthropometry z-scores calculated according to WHO reference ranges.[26]
b
spirometry z-scores calculated according to Quanjer GLI-2012 spirometry equations based on Caucasian subjects.[16]
$
Multivariable regression controlled for air pollution, dietary diversity, food security, maternal education and height, household asset score, spirometer (with the exception of anthropometry indices) and residence, using robust standard errors.
Data not expressed in z- scores is also adjusted for child age, sex and height.
Analysis restricted to children with technically satisfactory results. Air pollution data not available for 14 children.