Table 1.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Study Populations
| Skin preparation agent | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | CHG (n = 1,829) | CHG+IPA (n = 4,753) | PVI (n = 671) | IPC+IPA (n = 416) | p Value |
| Age, y, mean (±SD) | 55.7 (17.4) | 57.2 (15.6) | 62.7 (15.8) | 61.4 (15.4) | <0.01 |
| Male, % | 36.5 | 39.1 | 42.1 | 44.0 | 0.01 |
| Comorbidity Index, % | <0.01 | ||||
| 0 | 64.8 | 56.4 | 68.5 | 68.0 | 0.09 |
| 1 | 26.7 | 31.0 | 23.3 | 22.1 | |
| 2 | 6.6 | 9.8 | 4.5 | 7.0 | |
| 3+ | 1.9 | 2.8 | 3.7 | 2.9 | |
| ASA Class, % | <0.01 | ||||
| I | 5.2 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 2.9 | |
| II | 50.6 | 35.5 | 46.6 | 49.3 | |
| III | 38.1 | 54.3 | 42.8 | 42.8 | |
| IV+ | 6.1 | 6.5 | 6.4 | 5.1 | |
| BMI, kg/m2, mean (SD) | 33.1 (10.7) | 35.1 (11.2) | 27.9 (6.7) | 29.0 (7.8) | <0.01 |
| Current smoker, % | 15.9 | 18.1 | 22.7 | 24.6 | <0.01 |
| Albumin <3, % | 11.5 | 8.6 | 13.2 | 15.0 | <0.01 |
| Current steroid use, % | 3.5 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 0.16 |
| Procedure type, % | |||||
| Colorectal | 64.3 | 52.9 | 89.1 | 89.4 | <0.01 |
| Bariatric | 35.6 | 40.0 | 3.1 | 7.9 | <0.01 |
| Lung | 0.1 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 0 | <0.01 |
| Liver/Pancreas | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0.58 |
| Uterus | 0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0.07 |
| Prostate | 0.1 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 2.4 | <0.01 |
| Surgical approach, % | <0.001 | ||||
| Laparoscopic | 36.9 | 41.7 | 8.4 | 10.1 | |
| Lap/Converted | 6.4 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 5.1 | |
| Lap/Hand-Assist | 13.4 | 6.6 | 8.8 | 22.1 | |
| Open | 41.8 | 38.9 | 77.8 | 58.2 | |
| Robotic | 1.2 | 8.5 | 1.9 | 3.6 | |
| Robotic Converted | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 1.0 | |
| Urgent/emergency, % | 20.1 | 17.1 | 21.0 | 21.1 | 0.09 |
| Perioperative hyperglycemia, % | 88.9 | 82.8 | 83.0 | 87.5 | <0.01 |
| Perioperative hypothermia, % | 5.5 | 8.7 | 7.0 | 3.4 | <0.01 |
| Procedure duration, min, mean (SD) | 146.8 (73.8) | 159.3 (90.9) | 151.5 (134.7) | 126.1 (65.0) | <0.01 |
| Length of stay, d, mean (SD) | 6.6 (8.1) | 5.9 (6.8) | 8.2 (8.0) | 7.6 (7.4) | <0.01 |
CHG, chlorhexidine; CHG+IPA, chlorhexidine in isopropyl alcohol; PVI, povidone-iodine; IPC+IPA, povacrylex-iodine in isopropyl alcohol; IPA, isopropyl alcohol.