Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of Clubhouse and PACT participants who did versus who did not work a competitive job
| Characteristic | Clubhouse (N=83)
|
PACT (N=84)
|
χ2 or F | Effect sizea | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Competitive work (n=41) | No competitive work (n=42) | Competitive work (n=47) | No competitive work (n=37) | |||
|
| ||||||
| n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | n (%) or M (SD) | |||
| Female (n, %) | 27 (65.9) | 15 (35.7) | 15 (31.9) | 18 (48.6) | 0.60 | 0.06 |
| Caucasian (n, %) | 34 (82.9) | 33 (78.6) | 36 (76.6) | 28 (75.7) | 0.13 | 0.03 |
| Age (M, SD) | 37.0 (9.9) | 39.5 (12.0) | 36.8 (9.8) | 38.0 (8.0) | 0.17 | 0.00 |
| Schizophrenia diagnosis (n, %) | 17 (41.5) | 20 (47.6) | 27 (57.4) | 23 (62.2) | 0.33 | 0.04 |
| Psychiatric symptoms (M, SD)b | 46.9 (10.5) | 45.2 (8.8) | 47.0 (11.4) | 50.0 (10.1) | 2.18 | 0.01 |
| Physical health problems (M, SD)c | 6.56 (3.36) | 6.97 (2.77) | 5.72 (3.48) | 5.95 (3.52) | 0.03 | 0.00 |
| Substance use disorder, current or past (n, %) | 13 (31.7) | 13 (31.0) | 23 (48.9) | 11 (29.7) | 2.00 | 0.11 |
| Baseline level of functioning (poor or fair) (n, %)d | 28 (68.3) | 30 (73.2) | 32 (68.1) | 22 (59.5) | 0.04 | 0.02 |
| High school diploma or GED (n, %) | 28 (68.3) | 28 (66.7) | 28 (59.6) | 24 (64.9) | 0.09 | 0.02 |
| Competitive job in 5 years preceding study (n, %) | 28 (68.3) | 21 (50.0) | 26 (55.3) | 21 (56.8) | 1.14 | 0.08 |
| Global quality of life (M, SD)e | 6.58 (3.07) | 7.00 (3.15) | 7.47 (3.22) | 7.30 (3.33) | 0.35 | 0.00 |
| Match-to-service preference (n, %)f | 9 (22.0) | 14 (33.3) | 10 (21.3) | 7 (18.9) | 0.57 | 0.06 |
| Interest in work (n, %)g | 32 (78.0) | 23 (54.8) | 40 (85.1) | 22 (59.5) | 12.26** | 0.27 |
Clubhouse program certified by International Center for Clubhouse Development, PACT Vocationally Integrated Program of Assertive Community Treatment
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001
Eta for chi-square (χ2); partial eta squared for ANOVA (F)
Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale38 total score. Possible scores range from 21 to 147, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms
Health problem severity measured as the estimated annual costs of medical treatment (log-transformed) using the Chronic Illness and Disability Payment System, which is based on actual treatment costs for a large multi-state sample of Medicaid recipients39
Self-rating on single interview item: “Overall, how would you rate your functioning in home, social, and school settings at the present time?” with response options of “poor,” “fair,” “good,” or “excellent”
Lehman’s Quality of Life Interview (sum of first and last items).29 Possible scores range from 7 to 14, with higher scores indicating more satisfaction with life in general
Random assignment to the preferred program=1; random assignment to the non-preferred program or no program preference=0
Response to question: “Are you currently interested in working?” 1=yes, 0=no or uncertain