Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by Hospitalization-Associated Disability, n = 583
| Characteristic | Entire cohort N (Column Percent) Total N = 583 | No hospitalization-associated disabilitya N (%) Total N = 419 (71.9 %) | Hospitalization-associated disabilitya N (%) Total N = 164 (28.1 %) | p value* |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age, mean ( ±SD ) | 66.1 (8.8) | 65.0 (7.6) | 68.9 (10.7) | < 0.001 |
| 55–59 | 135 (23.2) | 98 (23.4) | 37 (22.6) | < 0.001 |
| 60–64 | 203 (34.8) | 158 (37.7) | 45 (27.4) | |
| 65–69 | 86 (14.8) | 71 (17.0) | 15 (9.2) | |
| 70–79 | 99 (17.0) | 69 (16.5) | 30 (18.3) | |
| 80+ | 60 (10.3) | 23 (5.5) | 37 (22.6) | |
| Female sex | 251 (43.1) | 166 (39.6) | 85 (51.8) | 0.007 |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Black/African-American, Non-Latino | 131 (22.5) | 89 (21.2) | 42 (25.6) | 0.273 |
| White, Non-Latino | 110 (18.9) | 84 (20.0) | 26 (15.9) | |
| Latino/Hispanic | 117 (20.1) | 91 (21.7) | 26 (15.8) | |
| Asian | 198 (34.0) | 136 (32.5) | 62 (37.8) | |
| Other, Don’t know | 27 (4.6) | 19 (4.5) | 8 (4.9) | |
| Education ≥12 yrs | 330 (56.6) | 246 (58.7) | 84 (51.2) | 0.101 |
| Speaks English | ||||
| Not at all/ Not well | 226 (38.8) | 165 (39.4) | 61 (37.2) | 0.626 |
| Inadequate health literacyb | 201 (35.3) | 143 (35.0) | 58 (36.3) | 0.773 |
| Income > $20,000 | 63 (11.1) | 52 (12.7) | 11 (7.0) | 0.053 |
| Living alonec | 149 (25.7) | 119 (28.5) | 30 (18.5) | 0.013 |
| Housing instability in past 30 days (includes homelessness) | 84 (14.4) | 63 (15.0) | 21 (12.8) | 0.490 |
| Functional status pre-admission | ||||
| Number of ADL disabilities pre-admission d | ||||
| No disability | 439 (75.3) | 334 (79.7) | 105 (64.0) | < 0.001 |
| 1 ADL disability | 40 (6.9) | 18 (4.3) | 22 (13.4) | |
| 2 ADL disabilities | 40 (6.9) | 28 (6.7) | 12 (7.3) | |
| 3 ADL disabilities | 35 (6.0) | 18 (4.3) | 17 (10.4) | |
| 4 ADL disabilities | 29 (5.0) | 21 (5.0) | 8 (4.9 | |
| Any ADL disability (1–4) | 144 (24.7) | 85 (20.3) | 59 (36.0) | < 0.001 |
| Number of IADL disabilities pre-admission e | ||||
| No disability | 351 (69.4) | 278 (76.6) | 75 (51.1) | < 0.001 |
| 1–2 IADL disabilities | 85 (16.8) | 56 (15.4) | 29 (20.3) | |
| 3+ IADL disabilities | 70 (13.8) | 29 (8.0) | 41 (28.7) | |
| Any IADL disability (1–7) | 155 (10.6) | 85 (23.4) | 70 (49.0) | < 0.001 |
| Health-related Behaviors | ||||
| Current tobacco use | 130 (22.3) | 93 (22.3) | 37 (22.6) | 0.872 |
| High- or moderate-risk alcohol use f | 56 (9.6) | 42 (10.0) | 14 (8.5) | 0.584 |
| Any illicit drug use in last 3 months g | 103 (17.7) | 72 (17.2) | 31 (18.9) | 0.625 |
| Health status | ||||
| SF-12 h | ||||
| Mental score, mean (range) | 46.0 (16.2–69.8) | 46.3 (16.2–69.8) | 45.2 (17.9–65.7) | 0.330 |
| Physical score, mean (range) | 36.1 (14.3–62.8) | 37.6 (14.3–62.8) | 32.1 (15.4–57.3) | < 0.001 |
| Depression i | 178 (30.7) | 125 (30.0) | 53 (32.7) | 0.521 |
| M-TICS score < 20 j | 302 (52.2) | 192 (46.0) | 110 (67.9) | < 0.001 |
| Major diagnoses | ||||
| Congestive heart failure | 132 (22.6) | 87 (20.8) | 45 (27.4) | 0.083 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease | 164 (28.1) | 109 (26.0) | 55 (33.6) | 0.069 |
| Diabetes | 227 (38.9) | 153 (36.5) | 74 (45.1) | 0.055 |
| Liver disease | 122 (21.0) | 83 (19.8) | 39 (23.8) | 0.289 |
| Renal disease | 116 (19.9) | 70 (16.7) | 46 (28.1) | 0.002 |
| Charlson score, mean (SD) k | 2.3 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.9) | 2.8 (2.1) | < 0.001 |
| 0 | 80 (13.7) | 61 (14.6) | 19 (11.6) | 0.002 |
| 1–2 | 299 (51.3) | 227 (54.2) | 72 (43.9) | |
| 3–4 | 132 (22.6) | 92 (22.0) | 40 (24.4) | |
| ≥ 5 | 72 (12.4) | 39 (9.3) | 33 (20.1) | |
| Creatinine ≥ 1.5 mg/dL | 137 (23.5) | 83 (19.8) | 54 (33.1) | 0.001 |
| Albumin < 3.5 g/dL | 106 (19.0) | 68 (17.1) | 38 (23.8) | 0.072 |
| Health care access | ||||
| Has a regular place of care | 492 (84.5) | 348 (83.1) | 144 (88.3) | 0.113 |
| Hospitalized in past 6 months | 102 (17.6) | 67 (16.0) | 35 (21.7) | 0.106 |
Abbreviations: ADL activities of daily living, IADL instrumental activities of daily living, SF-12 12-Item Short Form Health Survey, M-TICS modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status
* P value for appropriate test of comparison to group without functional decline or death at 30 days
aHospitalization-associated disability was defined as any reported new impairment in ADL function compared to pre-admission baseline (2 weeks prior) or death before 30 days.
bInadequate health literacy was defined with a positive screen using a 3-item screening tool (see text).
cHousing instability in the past year was defined as experiencing homelessness, doubling-up with friends or family, staying in a single-room occupancy hotel, or living in more than 4 different places during the prior year.
dSelf-reported ability to perform activities of daily living (ADLs) without help 2 weeks prior to admission
eSelf-reported ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) without help 2 weeks prior to admission (N = 509)
fHigh- or moderate-risk alcohol use was defined as a score of ≥ 11 on the World Health Organization Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement instrument.
gIllicit drug use was defined as self-reported use of cocaine, amphetamines, or opioids during the prior 3 months.
hThe SF-12 was used to measure physical and mental health (range 0–100 for physical and mental health subscales; higher scores indicate better health).
iDepression was defined as a score of ≥ 10 on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 measured at admission.
jThe M-TICS was used to detect cognitive impairment, defined as a score of < 20 measured at admission.
kThe Charlson Comorbidity Index was extracted from administrative data recorded during hospital admission.