Table 2.
Characteristics of Participants* Who Reported Having a PCMH† vs. a Usual Provider or No Usual Provider (N = 2358)‡
| Type of usual provider | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No usual provider | Usual provider | PCMH | |||
| Unweighted N (weighted %) | 530 (22) | 1337 (57) | 491 (21) | ||
| Sociodemographic characteristics | Weighted percentage | p value§ | Group difference‖ | ||
| Age (years) | <0.001 | ||||
| 18–34 | 40.1 | 22.4 | 24.3 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| 35–50 | 38.4 | 38.1 | 36.6 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| 55–64 | 21.5 | 39.5 | 39.1 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Female gender | 64.6 | 69.6 | 75.0 | 0.11 | 1 = 2 = 3 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0.001 | ||||
| Latino | 20.9 | 14.4 | 13.0 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Non-Latino white | 58.2 | 67.2 | 65.2 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Non-Latino black | 14.6 | 14.4 | 13.0 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| Non-Latino Asian | 3.6 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| Non-Latino other | 2.7 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| Foreign/Island nativity | 19.5 | 12.6 | 9.8 | 0.003 | 1 > 2 = 3 |
| Marital status | <0.001 | ||||
| Single, never married | 40.0 | 24.1 | 25.3 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Married | 27.7 | 34.5 | 38.7 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Separated, divorced, widowed | 32.4 | 41.4 | 36.0 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Mental health rated fair/poor | 45.2 | 55.3 | 50.4 | 0.003 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
| Chronic health conditions | <0.001 | ||||
| 0 | 39.7 | 19.5 | 20.9 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| 1 | 25.1 | 19.2 | 19.5 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| 2 or more | 35.1 | 61.3 | 59.5 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Physical health functioning | <0.001 | ||||
| Lowest quartile | 47.0 | 63.8 | 66.3 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Middle quartiles | 30.6 | 19.3 | 17.7 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Highest quartile | 22.4 | 16.9 | 16.0 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Any physical health limitation | 33.8 | 53.1 | 55.6 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
| Education | 0.15 | ||||
| Less than high school | 31.4 | 25.7 | 27.1 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| High school | 35.2 | 37.2 | 37.5 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| Some college | 23.5 | 24.6 | 24.5 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| Four or more years of college | 9.9 | 12.5 | 10.9 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Insurance | <0.001 | ||||
| Uninsured | 55.4 | 25.4 | 23.3 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Private insurance | 22.2 | 35.0 | 36.8 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Medicaid only | 16.2 | 21.6 | 19.9 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Medicaid + Medicare | 2.3 | 6.8 | 9.5 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Medicare only | 3.8 | 11.1 | 10.4 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Income relative to FPL | <0.001 | ||||
| Poor (0–133 % FPL) | 50.8 | 42.1 | 38.4 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Low income (133–200 % FPL) | 22.6 | 16.2 | 18.7 | 1 > 2 = 3 | |
| Middle income (200–400 % FPL) | 18.5 | 27.9 | 25.3 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| High income (>400 % FPL) | 8.1 | 13.8 | 17.6 | 1 < 2 = 3 | |
| Geographic region | 0.003 | ||||
| Northeast | 7.2 | 15.7 | 26.6 | 1 < 2 < 3 | |
| Midwest | 19.1 | 22.2 | 21.4 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| South | 47.0 | 38.5 | 35.0 | 1 > 2 > 3 | |
| West | 26.7 | 23.7 | 17.0 | 1 = 2 > 3 | |
| Live in metropolitan statistical area | 81.9 | 80.2 | 80.9 | 0.54 | 1 = 2 = 3 |
| Healthcare attitudes | |||||
| Don’t need insurance | 11.3 | 3.5 | 2.4 | <0.001 | 1 > 2 = 3 |
| Health insurance not worth the costs | 31.2 | 24.1 | 17.4 | 0.02 | 1 < 2 < 3 |
| More likely than others to take risks | 30.6 | 19.3 | 15.6 | <0.001 | 1 > 2 = 3 |
| Can overcome illness | 19.9 | 11.5 | 9.9 | 0.001 | 1 > 2 = 3 |
| Survey year¶ | 0.72 | ||||
| 2004–2006 | 45.2 | 44.9 | 55.4 | 1 = 2 < 3 | |
| 2007–2008 | 32.7 | 35.4 | 26.9 | 1 = 2 < 3 | |
| 2009–2010 | 22.1 | 19.7 | 17.6 | 1 = 2 = 3 | |
| Weighted mean | |||||
| Overall healthcare rating (0–10) | 6.1 | 7.0 | 7.7 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 < 3 |
| Dependent variables | Weighted percentage | ||||
| Any mental health (MH) service use | 28.5 | 57.1 | 59.2 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
| MH visit with primary care provider | 10.7 | 24.4 | 21.3 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
| Visit with MH specialist | 14.9 | 25.3 | 28.3 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
| Counseling or psychotherapy | 14.6 | 25.5 | 29.0 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
| Psychiatric medication | 23.3 | 51.2 | 53.1 | <0.001 | 1 < 2 = 3 |
*Sample includes adults (aged 18–64) with serious psychological distress, defined as a score of 13 or higher on the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale
†PCMH defined as a usual primary care provider or clinic that delivers accessible, comprehensive, patient-centered services
‡Data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey Longitudinal Data files, Panels 9–15 (2004–2011)
§p value for chi-square test of differences in sociodemographic characteristics and dependent variables by type of usual provider
‖Arrows indicate group difference significant at the p < 0.05 level
¶Start of 2-year cohort. For example, 2010 cohort data was collected from 2010–2011