Table 4.
Generalised estimating equations to estimate ORs of the risk of offspring with parental history of smoking for having high waist circumference (WC; above action level 1 or above action level 2), high body mass index (BMI; ≥25 or ≥30 kg/m2)
| Sons |
Daughters |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | OR | 95% CI | p Value | n (%) | OR | 95% CI | p Value | |
| Model 1: risk of WC above action level 1 | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 829 (80.9) | 1.21 | 0.84 to 1.75 | 0.307 | 1035 (80.7) | 1.02 | 0.74 to 1.42 | 0.894 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 555 (54.1) | 1.50 | 1.13 to 2.01 | 0.006 | 694 (54.1) | 1.42 | 1.10 to 1.84 | 0.007 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 892 (87.0) | 1.76 | 1.15 to 2.70 | 0.010 | 1123 (87.5) | 1.42 | 0.98 to 2.00 | 0.061 |
| Model 2: risk of WC above action level 1 (additional birthweight variable) | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 640 (80.7) | 1.20 | 0.80 to 1.81 | 0.378 | 848 (80.2) | 1.13 | 0.79 to 1.62 | 0.510 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 428 (54.0) | 1.56 | 1.13 to 2.16 | 0.008 | 580 (54.8) | 1.40 | 1.06 to 1.85 | 0.018 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 684 (86.3) | 1.97 | 1.21 to 3.20 | 0.007 | 927 (87.6) | 1.66 | 1.10 to 2.51 | 0.017 |
| High birth weight (highest tertile)† | 248 (31.3) | 1.21 | 0.82 to 1.78 | 0.347 | 359 (33.9) | 1.06 | 0.77 to 1.46 | 0.720 |
| Model 1: risk of WC above action level 2 | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 829 (80.9) | 1.09 | 0.70 to 1.70 | 0.697 | 1035 (80.7) | 1.10 | 0.73 to 1.66 | 0.642 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 555 (54.1) | 1.67 | 1.14 to 2.45 | 0.009 | 694 (54.1) | 1.38 | 1.02 to 1.87 | 0.036 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 892 (87.0) | 1.54 | 0.94 to 2.52 | 0.086 | 1123 (87.5) | 1.52 | 0.91 to 2.53 | 0.107 |
| Model 2: risk of WC above action level 2 (additional birthweight variable) | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 640 (80.7) | 1.11 | 0.66 to 1.85 | 0.703 | 848 (80.2) | 1.04 | 0.70 to 1.33 | 0.821 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 428 (54.0) | 1.53 | 0.98 to 2.38 | 0.060 | 580 (54.8) | 1.30 | 0.93 to 1.81 | 0.306 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 684 (86.3) | 1.35 | 0.78 to 2.34 | 0.288 | 927 (87.6) | 1.48 | 0.85 to 2.58 | 0.166 |
| High birth weight (highest tertile)† | 248 (31.3) | 1.98 | 1.23 to 3.20 | 0.005 | 359 (33.9) | 1.36 | 0.92 to 2.00 | 0.121 |
| Model 1: risk of BMI above 25 kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 829 (80.9) | 1.52 | 1.05 to 2.20 | 0.025 | 1035 (80.7) | 1.22 | 0.87 to 1.70 | 0.244 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 555 (54.1) | 1.46 | 1.09 to 1.97 | 0.013 | 694 (54.1) | 1.13 | 0.88 to 1.46 | 0.335 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 892 (87.0) | 2.01 | 1.33 to 3.03 | 0.001 | 1123 (87.5) | 1.43 | 0.98 to 2.10 | 0.067 |
| Model 2: risk of BMI above 25 kg/m2 (additional birthweight variable) | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 640 (80.7) | 1.51 | 1.01 to 2.27 | 0.046 | 1035 (80.7) | 1.29 | 0.90 to 1.85 | 0.172 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 428 (54.0) | 1.60 | 1.15 to 2.24 | 0.006 | 694 (54.1) | 1.01 | 0.77 to 1.33 | 0.932 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 684 (86.3) | 2.21 | 1.39 to 3.52 | 0.001 | 1123 (87.5) | 1.39 | 0.92 to 2.09 | 0.118 |
| High birth weight (highest tertile)† | 248 (31.3) | 1.28 | 0.86 to 1.91 | 0.226 | 359 (33.9) | 1.13 | 0.82 to 1.56 | 0.447 |
| Model 1: risk of BMI above 30 kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 829 (80.9) | 1.54 | 0.93 to 2.53 | 0.091 | 1035 (80.7) | 1.14 | 0.73 to 1.77 | 0.577 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 555 (54.1) | 1.79 | 1.23 to 2.62 | 0.003 | 694 (54.1) | 1.25 | 0.89 to 1.74 | 0.193 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 892 (87.0) | 1.95 | 1.10 to 3.44 | 0.022 | 1123 (87.5) | 1.45 | 0.85 to 2.49 | 0.176 |
| Model 2: risk of BMI above 30 kg/m2 | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 829 (80.9) | 1.66 | 0.93 to 3.00 | 0.089 | 1035 (80.7) | 1.08 | 0.66 to 1.77 | 0.761 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 555 (54.1) | 1.71 | 1.11 to 2.62 | 0.014 | 694 (54.1) | 1.18 | 0.81 to 1.71 | 0.383 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 892 (87.0) | 1.82 | 0.95 to 3.48 | 0.072 | 1123 (87.5) | 1.49 | 0.80 to 2.76 | 0.205 |
| High birth weight (highest tertile)† | 248 (31.3) | 1.64 | 0.98 to 2.72 | 0.058 | 359 (33.9) | 1.25 | 0.83 to 1.89 | 0.295 |
| Model 1: risk of metabolic syndrome‡ | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 646 (80.6) | 1.12 | 0.73 to 1.73 | 0.669 | 910 (81.3) | 0.87 | 0.56 to 1.36 | 0.544 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 433 (54.1) | 1.68 | 1.17 to 2.40 | 0.005 | 602 (53.8) | 1.18 | 0.81 to 1.71 | 0.387 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 692 (86.4) | 1.72 | 1.01 to 2.94 | 0.047 | 979 (87.4) | 0.92 | 0.56 to 1.51 | 0.727 |
| Model 2: risk of metabolic syndrome (additional birthweight variable)‡ | ||||||||
| Paternal smoking history* | 496 (80.1) | 1.00 | 0.65 to 1.54 | 0.995 | 746 (80.6) | 1.00 | 0.63 to 1.60 | 0.981 |
| Maternal smoking history* | 330 (53.3) | 1.83 | 1.28 to 2.64 | 0.001 | 505 (54.5) | 1.14 | 0.77 to 1.69 | 0.506 |
| At least one parent with smoking history | 528 (85.3) | 1.81 | 1.07 to 3.07 | 0.027 | 808 (87.3) | 1.24 | 0.70 to 2.19 | 0.456 |
| High birth weight (highest tertile)† | 196 (31.7) | 1.30 | 0.88 to 1.93 | 0.189 | 322 (34.8) | 0.97 | 0.64 to 1.60 | 0.884 |
Data were adjusted for offspring and parental age, social class, parental BMI, and offspring smoking history (model 1) and additional birthweight adjustment (model 2). *Variables were entered in regression simultaneously.
†Reference group: second birthweight tertile.
‡There were 1921 cases with complete data for constructing metabolic syndrome.