Table 1.
Analysis of factors associated with ‘dizziness’ in participants over 40 years of age (N=3267)
| Per cent* | Dizziness (+) | Dizziness (–) | Univariable analysis |
Multivariable analysis† |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p Value | OR | 95% CI | p Value | OR | 95% CI | ||||
| Demographic characteristics | |||||||||
| Age, years (mean) | |||||||||
| 40–49 (%) | 42.48 | 13.19 | 86.81 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| 50–59 (%) | 29.00 | 12.87 | 87.13 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.65 to 1.46 | 1.00 | 0.97 | 0.63 to 1.49 |
| 60–69 (%) | 17.44 | 23.89 | 76.11 | <0.001 | 2.07 | 1.34 to 3.19 | 0.02 | 1.85 | 1.07 to 3.18 |
| ≥70 (%) | 11.07 | 28.90 | 71.10 | <0.001 | 2.68 | 1.73 to 4.15 | 0.005 | 2.10 | 1.20 to 3.68 |
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male (%) | 48.89 | 11.33 | 88.67 | Referent | Referent | ||||
| Female (%) | 51.11 | 21.84 | 78.16 | <0.001 | 2.19 | 1.72 to 2.79 | <0.001 | 1.82 | 1.38 to 2.41 |
| Body weight (mean)‡ | 60.28 | 63.80 | <0.001 | 0.97 | 0.96 to 0.98 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.00 | |
| BMI (mean)‡ | 23.76 | 24.12 | 0.07 | 0.96 | 0.93 to 1.00 | ||||
| WC (mean)‡ | 81.62 | 82.98 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 0.97 to 1.00 | ||||
| WC/height (mean)‡ | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 2.08 | 0.23 to 18.60 | ||||
| Annual household income (mean)‡ | 4025.84 | 5072.45 | 0.22 | 0.98 | 0.95 to 1.01 | ||||
| Level of education (college graduate or not) | |||||||||
| No (%) | 77.62 | 17.94 | 82.06 | 0.007 | 0.65 | 0.47 to 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.98 | 0.69 to 1.39 |
| Otolaryngological conditions (physical examination and questionnaire) | |||||||||
| Tinnitus | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 21.50 | 29.49 | 70.51 | <0.001 | 2.75 | 2.15 to 3.51 | |||
| Annoying tinnitus | |||||||||
| No (%) | 65.80 | 30.61 | 69.39 | 0.50 | 0.85 | 0.54 to 1.35 | |||
| Subjective hearing loss | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 2.31 | 39.39 | 60.61 | <0.001 | 3.37 | 1.95 to 5.84 | |||
| Unilateral hearing loss | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 9.58 | 21.94 | 78.06 | 0.06 | 1.46 | 0.99 to 2.16 | |||
| Bilateral hearing loss | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 5.85 | 30.14 | 69.86 | <0.001 | 2.29 | 1.54 to 3.40 | |||
| Unilateral or bilateral hearing loss | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 15.43 | 25.04 | 74.96 | <0.001 | 1.87 | 1.43 to 2.44 | 0.03 | 1.43 | 1.03 to 1.98 |
| Data obtained from the questionnaire | |||||||||
| Alcohol consumption (frequency, more than 2–4 times/month) | |||||||||
| No (%) | 40.86 | 18.76 | 81.24 | 0.06 | 0.78 | 0.60 to 1.01 | |||
| Alcohol consumption (frequency, more than 2 times/month) | |||||||||
| No (%) | 61.66 | 16.85 | 83.15 | 0.84 | 0.97 | 0.75 to 1.26 | |||
| Alcohol consumption (frequency, more than 4 times/month) | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 24.38 | 20.08 | 79.92 | 0.02 | 1.36 | 1.05 to 1.75 | 0.37 | 1.12 | 0.87 to 1.45 |
| Smoking, current | |||||||||
| No (%) | 77.60 | 17.97 | 82.03 | 0.01 | 0.64 | 0.46 to 0.91 | |||
| Smoking, past | |||||||||
| No (%) | 55.54 | 20.37 | 79.63 | <0.001 | 0.54 | 0.42 to 0.70 | |||
| History of angina pectoris | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 2.34 | 20.13 | 79.87 | 0.46 | 1.27 | 0.67 to 2.37 | |||
| Diagnosis of angina pectoris | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 0.36 | 57.36 | 42.64 | 0.002 | 6.76 | 2.05 to 22.27 | 0.06 | 3.72 | 0.95 to 14.52 |
| Diagnosis of stroke | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 1.76 | 20.94 | 79.06 | 0.42 | 1.33 | 0.66 to 2.66 | |||
| Diagnosis of glaucoma | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 0.67 | 23.53 | 76.47 | 0.59 | 1.51 | 0.33 to 6.92 | |||
| Depressive mood | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 14.08 | 29.80 | 70.20 | <0.001 | 2.49 | 1.85 to 3.36 | |||
| Limitation of activity due to depressive mood or anxiety | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 0.83 | 56.74 | 43.26 | <0.001 | 6.70 | 3.30 to 13.63 | |||
| Diagnosis of depression | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 3.95 | 28.27 | 71.73 | 0.007 | 2.03 | 1.22 to 3.41 | |||
| Stress | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 24.18 | 24.49 | 75.51 | <0.001 | 1.96 | 1.52 to 2.52 | <0.001 | 1.99 | 1.53 to 2.58 |
| EQ-5D index (mean)‡ | 0.89 | 0.95 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.01 to 0.04 | ||||
| EuroQol (mean)‡ | 66.06 | 76.09 | 0.09 | 0.99 | 0.97 to 1.00 | ||||
| Laboratory data | |||||||||
| Obesity | |||||||||
| No (%) | 64.55 | 17.72 | 82.28 | 0.08 | 0.81 | 0.64 to 1.03 | |||
| Hypertension | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 33.70 | 19.81 | 80.19 | 0.01 | 1.39 | 1.08 to 1.78 | 0.81 | 1.03 | 0.78 to 1.36 |
| Diabetes | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 12.58 | 15.67 | 84.33 | 0.58 | 0.92 | 0.67 to 1.25 | |||
| Hypercholesterolaemia | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 16.35 | 18.71 | 81.29 | 0.31 | 1.18 | 0.86 to 1.63 | |||
| Hypertriglycemia | |||||||||
| No (%) | 81.03 | 17.52 | 82.48 | 0.04 | 0.72 | 0.52 to 0.98 | |||
| Dyslipidaemia | |||||||||
| No (%) | 70.12 | 17.27 | 82.73 | 0.28 | 0.87 | 0.67 to 1.12 | |||
| Osteoporosis | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 19.21 | 27.37 | 72.63 | <0.001 | 1.79 | 1.35 to 2.38 | |||
| Anaemia | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 8.40 | 21.58 | 78.42 | 0.07 | 1.42 | 0.97 to 2.07 | |||
| Retinopathy | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 21.55 | 18.33 | 81.67 | 0.30 | 1.16 | 0.88 to 1.52 | 0.15 | 0.78 | 0.56 to 1.09 |
| Macular degeneration | |||||||||
| Yes (%) | 5.33 | 27.38 | 72.62 | 0.002 | 1.97 | 1.30 to 2.99 | 0.10 | 1.58 | 0.91 to 2.74 |
Some factors showing statistical significance on univariable analysis, such as WC, tinnitus, subjective hearing loss and depression were not included in the logistic regression model due to multicollinearity problems.
The univariable and multivariable analyses were performed using a logistic regression model.
*Sample weights applied.
†Clinically important variables with p values <0.05 in the univariable analysis were included in the multivariable analysis.
‡Continuous variables are presented as means.
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference.