Table 3.
Association between selected factors and prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the Jackson Heart Study Participants (n=5227)
| Metabolic syndrome OR (95% CI) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men (n=1909) |
Women (n=3318) |
|||
| Unadjusted* | Adjusted* | Unadjusted* | Adjusted* | |
| Age | ||||
| 20–39 | Reference level | Reference level | ||
| 40–59 | 1.34 (0.96 to 1.86) | 1.55 (1.02 to 2.35) | 2.44 (1.84 to 3.23) | 2.79 (2.00 to 3.87) |
| 60–79 | 1.69 (1.20 to 2.38) | 2.17 (1.34 to 3.51) | 4.69 (3.54 to 6.22) | 5.50 (3.81 to 7.93) |
| 80 and above | 0.88 (0.28 to 2.71) | 2.18 (0.60 to 8.00) | 3.43 (1.89 to 6.24) | 5.06 (2.34 to 10.96) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than High school | Reference level | Reference level | ||
| High school or some college | 0.95 (0.72 to 1.25) | 1.20 (0.83 to 1.74) | 0.53 (0.44 to 0.65) | 0.76 (0.59 to 0.97) |
| College degree or higher | 0.79 (0.60 to 1.05) | 1.05 (0.72 to 1.55) | 0.44 (0.36 to 0.53) | 0.82 (0.63 to 1.07) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Never | Reference level | Reference level | ||
| Former | 1.47 (1.16 to 1.85) | 1.54 (1.14 to 2.08) | 1.39 (1.15 to 1.69) | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.52) |
| Current | 0.92 (0.69 to 1.22) | 1.29 (0.89 to 1.86) | 1.20 (0.95 to 1.51) | 1.43 (1.07 to 1.91) |
| Alcohol drinking | ||||
| No | Reference level | Reference level | ||
| Yes | 0.72 (0.59 to 0.88) | 0.85 (0.66 to 1.11) | 0.57 (0.49 to 0.66) | 0.74 (0.61 to 0.90) |
| Physical activity† | 0.90 (0.86 to 0.94) | 0.93 (0.88 to 0.98) | 0.86 (0.84 to 0.89) | 0.94 (0.91 to 0.98) |
| Global stress‡ | 1.01 (0.98 to 1.03) | 1.02 (0.99 to 1.06) | 0.98 (0.97 to 1.00) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.04) |
| Body mass index | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.20) | 1.18 (1.15 to 1.21) | 1.08 (1.07 to 1.09) | 1.08 (1.07 to 1.10) |
| C reactive protein in mg/dL | 1.36 (1.15 to 1.60) | 1.10 (0.96 to 1.26) | 1.29 (1.18 to 1.41) | 0.99 (0.89 to 1.09) |
| Homocysteine in µmol/L | 1.04 (1.01 to 1.07) | 1.05 (1.02 to 1.09) | 1.07 (1.05 to 1.10) | 1.06 (1.03 to 1.09) |
| Adiponectin in µg/mL | 0.89 (0.85 to 0.92) | 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95) | 0.91 (0.90 to 0.93) | 0.90 (0.87 to 0.92) |
Metabolic syndrome defined as having at least three of the following five components: (1) abdominal obesity or large waist circumference (>102 cm for men and >88 cm for women); (2) hypertriglyceridaemia (fasting plasma triglyceride concentration ≥150 mg/dL or on drug treatment); (3) low HDL cholesterol levels (<40 mg/dL for men and <50 mg/dL in women or on drug treatment); (4) elevated blood pressure (≥130 mm Hg systolic or ≥85 mm Hg diastolic or on drug treatment); or (5) IFG (110 mg/dL or on drug treatment).
*Analysis done using simple and multiple logistic regression. The multivariate models are adjusted for all other variables in the table.
†Sum of the four different domains of physical activity.
‡Sum of the eight-item questionnaire that measures the severity of chronic stress experienced over a prior period of 12 months.
HDL, high-density lipoprotein; IFG, impaired fasting glucose.