Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR)-8 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and correlation with proteinuria. TLR-8 expression was measured in (a) total PBMC, (b) CD4+ T cells, (c) CD8+ T cells, (d) CD14+ monocytes and (e) CD19+ B cells by flow cytometry and results are expressed as mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of TLR/MFI of isotype control in 10 controls, 9 patients in relapse and 6 patients in remission; *P < 0·05; **P < 0·01. Correlation between proteinuria (g/mmol creatinine) and TLR-8 expression in (f) total PBMC, (g) CD4+ T cells, (h) CD8+ T cells, (i) CD14+ monocytes and (j) CD19+ B cells from 9 patients in relapse (dark grey plots) and 6 patients in remission (light grey plots) using Spearman's rank correlation test.