TABLE 2—
Results of Logistic Regression Models Examining Associations Between Demographic Characteristics or Behavioral Risk Factors and Living in HIV Hotspot Cities: Massachusetts, 2013
| Resides in an HIV Hotspot |
|||
| Characteristic or Risk Factor | No (n = 359), % (No.) | Yes (n = 74), % (No.) | Multivariable AOR (95% CI) |
| Age, y | |||
| 18–29 (ref) | 56.6 (203) | 55.4 (41) | 1.00 |
| 30–39 | 12.2 (68) | 18.9 (9) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.07) |
| 40–49 | 9.5 (47) | 13.1 (7) | 1.30 (0.84, 2.02) |
| ≥ 50 | 23.0 (41) | 11.4 (17) | 2.44*** (1.66, 3.57) |
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White (Ref) | 84.4 (303) | 60.8 (45) | 1.00 |
| Non-Whitea | 15.6 (56) | 39.2 (29) | 2.36*** (1.75, 3.19) |
| Income | |||
| Higher (> $35 000 annually; Ref) | 31.4 (246) | 25.7 (55) | 1.00 |
| Low (≤ $35 000 annually) | 68.6 (113) | 74.3 (19) | 1.37* (1.05, 1.78) |
| Genderb | |||
| Female-to-male spectrum (Ref) | 34.3 (123) | 46.0 (34) | 1.00 |
| Male-to-female spectrum | 65.7 (236) | 54.1 (40) | 1.20 (0.89, 1.61) |
| HIV testing history | |||
| Never tested (Ref) | 20.3 (74) | 14.9 (11) | 1.00 |
| Tested in past 6 mo | 30.9 (111) | 41.9 (31) | 1.35 (0.89, 2.05) |
| Tested more than 6 mo in past | 48.8 (175) | 43.2 (32) | 1.31 (0.88, 1.95) |
| Incarceration historyc | |||
| No (Ref) | 98.6 (354) | 86.5 (64) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.4 (5) | 13.5 (10) | 4.86*** (2.77, 8.51) |
| Polydrug use (past 12 mo)d | |||
| No (Ref) | 58.5 (110) | 44.6 (33) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 41.5 (249) | 55.4 (41) | 1.54* (1.12, 2.12) |
| Current smoker | |||
| No (Ref) | 65.7 (236) | 46.8 (43) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 34.3 (123) | 43.2 (31) | 1.53** (1.18, 1.98) |
| Binge drinking (past 3 mo) | |||
| No (Ref) | 85.2 (306) | 77.0 (57) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 14.8 (53) | 23.0 (17) | 1.57** (1.20, 2.05) |
| ≥ 4 sex partners in past 6 mo | |||
| No (Ref) | 91.9 (330) | 90.5 (37) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 8.1 (29) | 9.5 (7) | 0.74 (0.47, 1.16) |
| Condomless receptive anal sex during most recent sexual encounter with partner assigned male sex at birthe | |||
| No (Ref) | 96.5 (347) | 87.3 (65) | 1.00 |
| Yes | 3.5 (12) | 12.7 (9) | 1.96** (1.20, 3.21) |
Note. AOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval. Values are adjusted for survey modality.
Non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, multiracial, or non-Hispanic other.
Transgender and gender-nonconforming people were collapsed into 2 groups according to sex at birth and direction of gender identity (i.e., male-to-female spectrum vs female-to-male spectrum).
Served time in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility.
Use of ≥ 2 illicit drugs during the past year (marijuana, cocaine, crack, heroin, club drugs, methamphetamine, hallucinogens, downers, painkillers).
Male-assigned sex at birth includes cisgender (nontransgender) men, transgender women, and gender-nonconforming people who were assigned male sex at birth.
*P < .05; **P < .01; ***P < .001.